Measurement Systems Analysis

• Introduce Measurement Systems

• Assess Measurement Systems Performance

• Understand Measurement System Variation

Measurement Systems Analysis www.qualimations.com

 Process Control
A Typical Process

People
Methods
Material Identifying
PROCESS Product
Equipment Product Improvement
Opportunities
Environment

Input Process / System Output

Accurate Measurement
using Measurement System Analysis

Measurement Systems Analysis www.qualimations.com

 Assessing Measurement Systems
How good is our
measurement
system?

2 T = 2p + 2m
• Observed Process • Production Gauge
Variation Variation

• Actual Process Variation

Measurement Systems Analysis www.qualimations.com

 Assessing Measurement Systems

• Location variation
– Bias
– Stability

• Width variation
– Linearity
– Repeatability, Reproducibility

Measurement Systems Analysis www.qualimations.com

 Determining and Assessing Bias

• Bias is the difference between the

Observed
observed average of measurement
Average Value
and the reference value.
• The reference value, also known as Bias
the accepted reference value or
master value, is a value that serves as
an agreed-upon reference for the
measured values. A reference value
can be determined by averaging
several measurements with a higher
level of measuring equipment. Reference
Value

Measurement Systems Analysis www.qualimations.com

 Determining and Assessing Stability

Time
• Stability (or drift) is the total variation in
the measurements obtained with a
measurement system
• on the same master or part when
measuring a single characteristic
• over an extended
time period

Reference Value

Measurement Systems Analysis www.qualimations.com

 Determining and Assessing Linearity
• Linearity is the difference in the bias values through the expected operating range of the
gauge.

Reference
Observed Reference
Value Observed
Average Value Value
Average Value

Smaller Larger
Bias Bias

50mm 200mm

Measurement Systems Analysis www.qualimations.com

 Determining Repeatability

• Repeatability is the variation in

measurements obtained
• By one appraiser
• with one measurement
instrument
• when used several times
• while measuring the
identical characteristic
• on the same part Repeatability

Measurement Systems Analysis www.qualimations.com

 Determining Reproducibility

• Reproducibility is the variation in

the average of the measurements
made
• by different appraisers
• using the same measuring
instrument
• when measuring the
identical characteristic
Reproducibility
• on the same part

Measurement Systems Analysis www.qualimations.com

 Preparing For A Measurement System Study
• Variable Gauge Study (Average and Range Method)
The average and range method of gauge study breaks the gauge error into
repeatability and reproducibility.
Optimum conditions:
• 3 operators;
• 3 trials;
• 10 parts.
Study of the results can provide information concerning the causes of the
measurement error.

• If reproducibility is large compared to repeatability then;

• The operator is not properly trained in how to use and read the gauge;
• Graduations on the gauge are not clear.

Measurement Systems Analysis www.qualimations.com

 Determining and Assessing
Repeatability and Reproducibility

• If repeatability is large compared to reproducibility, the reasons may be:

– The instrument needs maintenance;
– The gauge should be redesigned to be more rigid;
– The clamping or location for gauging needs to be improved;
– There is excessive part variation.

• If reproducibility is large compared to repeatability, then possible causes could be:

– The appraiser needs to be better trained in how to use and read the gauge instrument;
– Calibrations on the gauge dial are not clear;
– A fixture of some sort may be needed to help the appraiser use the gauge more
consistently.

Measurement Systems Analysis www.qualimations.com

 Acceptability Criteria

• R&R Indices
  10% Acceptable Measurement System
– 10% - 30% May be acceptable based upon application,
cost of measurement device, cost of repair,
  30% Not acceptable. Measurement system
needs improvement.

• Number of Distinct Categories Index

– 1 Unacceptable. One part cannot be
distinguished form another.
– 2 -4 Generally unacceptable
  5 Recommended

Measurement Systems Analysis www.qualimations.com