CHAPTER 2:

HOW TO WRITE CHAPTER

1 OF A THESIS/RESEARCH
PAPER
DORIS CATE “DIAMOND” D. GOMUAD
COMPONENTS OF CHAPTER 1
 TITLE FORMULATION

 INTRODUCTION

 THEORETICAL AND/OR CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

 HYPOTHESIS

 IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY

 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

 DEFINITION OF TERMS
I. How to Formulate the Title of a Research Study
• The title of a research study is generally in a form of a phrase which expresses a problem that calls for an explanation. It is not a sentence, for it does

not contain a verb that makes an assertion nor asks a question. It merely verbalizes an idea that embraces a point which the research wants to explain.

However, it should be broad enough to cover the major problems of the study .

Healthcare Delivery Service: Its Implication to Nursing Education

Factors Affecting Student’s Behavior and Discipline in the Secondary Level

Effects of Soil management in water and soil losses in sloping vineyards in the Monferrato area (NW Italy) in different periods

Road Traffic Noise Abatement Scenarios in Gothenburg 2015-2035

NOTE:

- Direct to the point

- Avoid lengthy titles, at most, 8-15 words will do.

- Do not USE complicated, fancy words.

\II. Introduction..
The introduction should contain a discussion or an explanation of all or any of the following items:

1. Presentation of the Problem

The beginning of the introduction presents clearly what the problem is all about. It directly indicates what problem will be covered by the study.

Examples:

If the inquiry is about the difficulty of nursing students in coming up with the standards of teaching and learning of the school on account of the innovations

introduced by the administration, the discussion may start with a topic sentence in a form of assertion.

There’s nothing more constant in this world today than change.

By reason of technological advancement, man changes his perspective in life. He must, therefore, learn to make adjustments with the demands of the

new backdrops of environments from the point of view of physical, social , and psychological bearings of nature.
II. Introduction..
An introduction may be started with any of the following ready begining.:

1. Assertion beginning

2. Quotation beginning

3. Question beginning

- Other items that may be included for discussion under the INTRODUCTION:

- Existence of an undesirable condition which clearly manifests the need for an immediate solution

- The researcher’s objective in pursuing the study, that which motivated her to make an inquiry on the problem

- The historical background of the problem as a jumping board for the researcher’s desire to pursue the study.

- The researcher’s desire to have a deeper understanding of the prevailing problem.

II. Introduction..
Example:

Poverty: Its Repercussions to Society

Introduction

Poverty is a condition in life below that of comfortable living. Figuratively, poverty is a state of being stricken into the quagmire of scarcity. It is a dreaded

stage of life indicative of one’s inability to keep pace with the basic needs of men. The occurrence of such inadequacy in life signals the onset of misfortune

in society.

In other words, poverty is a social cancer. Like a malignant illness, poverty, unless remedied early, cramps the psychosocial outlook of an individual

thereby weakening the backbone to which the economic paradigm of the nation is anchored.
III. Theoretical Framework
The Theoretical Framework draws up the rationale of the research problem, the basis of the research objectives, and the scope of the research work which

may be considered as the extent of its parameters.

- This calls for a theory upon which the central theme of the research problem is anchored. The theory presents “abstract concepts, facts or laws,

variables, and their relations that explain and predict how an observed phenomenon exists and operates” (L. Calmorin and M. Calmorin, 2002)

- This bridges the present study with existing theories in the process of analyzing, interpreting, and harmonizing findings arising from similar or related

constructs.

THEORY

- a set of interrelated constructs, definitions, and propositions that present a systematic paradigm of phenomenon by specifying relations among

variables, with the purpose of predicting the phenomena.

Example:

The law of effect postulated by E. L. Thorndike as cited by Aquino (1985) explains the tendency of an organism to react to a particular given

situation. It indicates the degree of probability that a certain response will occur under a given stimulus.
IV. Conceptual Framework
The Conceptual Framework presents definite or specific concepts which are called constructs. Instead of using theories, the researcher may use concepts

which are assumed to be true but they remain to be proven.

- This framework does not merely present the components of the paradigm by just depicting the problems under the input, the statistical measures under

the process and the end-results, findings or goals of the study under the output, but it also infuses the main idea or thought of the study.

ex.: “The effectiveness of an English proficiency program depends upon the expertise of the teachers, the effectiveness of their strategies, the

adequacy of the school facilities, and the competence of the trainers providing the assistance.” (Fernando, et.al.)

NOTE: Under such case, when the research study is highly descriptive, the researcher may be allowed to use either theoretical or conceptual framework.

Under the same condition and instance, it is not necessary to have both theoretical or conceptual framework. However, there is no prohibition if the

researcher would make use of both theoretical or conceptual frameworks provided both frameworks are properly interrelated and dovetailed in probing

and proving the relationships of variables and conclusions arising from the same concepts and theories.
Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

PURPOSES:

1. A theory is useful as a guideline in meaningfully organizing existing data that will be used in answering the

main problems of the study.

2. A theory explains why the problem under study exists. It also helps the researcher determine the variables to be

measured.

3. It can also be useful in the analysis, evaluation, and interpretation of data that would lead to the discovery of

new concepts and generalizations.

4. These frameworks explain the relationships between among the variables that the researchers have to study.

The conceptual framework identifies the central theme, the focus, or the main thrust of the study.
IV. STATEMENTS OF THE PROBLEM

This consists of specific questions to be answered by the researcher on the basis of the data that may be gathered

thru the instruments which may either be in form of questionnaires or interviews or both.

 Questions under the statement of the problems must be arranged in the order of the researcher’s research design.

 The question on the problems encountered by the respondents in terms of either physical, social, psychological,

or professional as the need arises.

 Other questions which may have close bearing with the study on hand.

 Questions which may determine the significant relationships of the variables, factors or constructs with those of

the problems

 A question on the implication of the study to the discipline under consideration.

IV. STATEMENTS OF THE PROBLEM

This consists of specific questions to be answered by the researcher on the basis of the data that may be gathered

thru the instruments which may either be in form of questionnaires or interviews or both.

 Questions under the statement of the problems must be arranged in the order of the researcher’s research design.

 The question on the problems encountered by the respondents in terms of either physical, social, psychological,

or professional as the need arises.

 Other questions which may have close bearing with the study on hand.

 Questions which may determine the significant relationships of the variables, factors or constructs with those of

the problems

 A question on the implication of the study to the discipline under consideration.