HEART BEAT MONITOR

USING 8051
                        PRESENTED BY : 
                                                                                         RANJITH KUMAR    G
                                                                            SANTHIYA   R
                                                                                       3rd - YEAR – B.E/ECE
                                                             K.S.RANGASAMY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
CONTENT :
  OBJECTIVE
 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
 POWER SUPPLY
 CIRCUIT AND ITS DESCRIPTION
 AT89C51(MICROCONTROLLER)
 PIN CONFIGURATION
 HEART BEAT SENSORS 
 SOFTWARE INTERFACE
 CONCLUSION
 REFERANCE
OBJECTIVE :
• In today's world, the maximum use of resource is always complimented.
• So, the use of wireless technology is enhanced to meet the need of
remote control and monitoring.
• Remote patient monitoring(RPM) is a technology that enables us to
monitor patient outside of clinic or hosptital without having to visit a
patient.
• In medical terms , the techinque used here for sensing heart rate
is called as  photoplethysmography.
 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS :
• MICRO CONTROLLER (AT89C51)
• 16X2 DISPLAY
• HEART BEAT SENSOR
• CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
• RESISTOR
• CAPACITORS
• RESET BUTTON
• VOLTAGE REGULATORS
• DIODE 
POWER SUPPLY :
• We used 7805 Voltage Regulator IC 7805 is a +5 Volt
regulator IC from 78xx chips family.
•  The circuit has internal current limiting and thermal
protection capacity. A 9V 2A steps down transformer
is used to covert 230V to 9V from mains.
•  Here used a bridge rectifier made by four  1N 4007
diode to convert AC-DC . 470uF 50v as C1 is used for
filtering. 
• This circuit is very easy to build. For good
performance recommended input voltage 8V-18V. 
• If  over 400mA current is needed at output then use
a heat sink with the 7805 IC.
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION :
• In this system, a crystal oscillator circuit is connected between the pins 18 and 19 .A
machine cycle is used to measure the minimum time for executing the single
instruction set.
• The reset circuit is connected to the pin 9 of the AT89C51 microcontroller with the
help of a capacitor and resistor. The resistor’s other end is connected to the Ground
(20pin) and the capacitor’s other end is connected to the (EA/Vpp) 31 pin. 
• Heartbeat sensor connected to the port1.0 pin of the microcontroller is used
for monitoring the pulses .
• LCD Displays are connected to the port 2 pins of the AT89C51 microcontroller. The
time duration of one heartbeat’s pulse will be one sec, and by dividing 60,000 by
1000 we will have the appropriate result as 60, which will then be displayed on LCD.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
  
8051 – PIN  CONFIGURATION :
• It has four input/output ports to interact with external devices. 
• As shown in figure below, it has 40 pins but 32 pins are assigned to I/O 4 port.
•  Port P0, P1, P2 and P3. Each port has 8 bits. Each bit can be used either as an input
or output pin. 
•  To use port 0 as an input or output each pin must be externally pulled up with 10K
ohm resistor. Because port 0 is an open drain.  
• Rest of the ports can be configured either as an input or output by writing either 0 or
1 to all the bits. 
•  One no needs to use pull up resistor with P1, P2 and P3 ports.
•  Sometimes we may need to access only one or two bits of port.
INTERFACEING CIRCUITS :
• The 8051 uses the crystal for precisely that to
synchronize it’s operation. Effectively, the 8051
operates using what are called "machine cycles.

This can be achieved in two ways.

• The crystal is connected to pins 18 and 19 with
stabilizing capacitors. 12 MHz (11.059MHz) crystal is
often used and the capacitance ranges from 20pF to
40pF.
• The oscillator can also be a TTL clock source
connected with a NOT gate as shown.
REST CIRCUIT :
 Reset is the non-maskable interrupt in any microcontroller. Which means it can
interrupt any microcontroller operation. It makes the microcontroller to start as
such when power on. It will all the register values and reset it to-
• Program counter - 0000h
• Accumulator - 00h
• PSW-00h
• Stack pointer - 07h
• DPTR - 000h
• All the ports - FFh
• The main purpose is that you need not to switch off power to reset the 8051. The
reset button will serve the function.
• In 8051there VIC interrupts which have the highest priority.
HEART BEAT SENSOR :
• When more light falls on the photo transistor it conducts more, its collector current
increases and so its collector voltage decreases. 
• When less light falls on the photo transistor it conducts less, its collector current
decreases and so its collector voltage decreases.
•  This variation in the collector voltage will be proportional to the heart rate. 
•  The LM324 is a quad opamp that can be operated from a single rail supply. 
• Resistor R23, R17 and capacitor C5 sets the gain and cut off frequency of the first
filter.
•  With the given component values, gain will be 11 and cut off frequency will be 2.5Hz. 
• The gain and cut off frequency are determined using the following equations.
•  Capacitor C15 is used to by-pass noise if any may cause false triggering of the
comparator.
HEART BEAT SENSOR CIRCUIT :
SOFTWARE INTERFACE :
• Timer 1 is configured as an 8 bit auto reload counter for registering the number of
incoming zero going pulses .
•  Timer0 is configured as a 16 bit timer which generate the necessary 1 second time span
for the Timer1 to count.
• Timer1 is set as an 8 bit auto reload counter for counting the the number of pulses
(indicating the heart beat) and Timer0 is set as a 16 bit timer which generates a 65536uS
delay.
•  When looped 230 times it will produce a 15 second time span (230 x 65536uS =15S)  for
the Timer 1 to count. 
• The number of counts obtained in 15 seconds is multiplied by 4 to obtain the heart rate
in beats per minute.
CONT....
•  The Timer 0 which generates the 1 second time span is configured in Mode 1 (16 bit
timer). 
• So the maximum it can count is 2^16 and it is 65536. In 8051 the crystal frequency is
divided by 12 using an internal frequency divider network before applying it as a clock
for the timer. 
• That means the timer will increment by one for every 1/12th of the crystal frequency.
•  For an 8051 based system clocked by a 12MHz crystal, the time taken for one timer
increment will be 1µS .
•  So the maximum time delay that can be obtained using one session of the timer will be
65536µS. 
PROGRAM :
• KEIL PIC.........
DEMO VIDEO :
DEMO PICTURE :
THANKING YOU