TOEFL SCORE

Types of Questions

Topic/ Main idea

Vocabulary
Anticipatory paragraph
Stated detail
Unstated detail
Implied detail
Where in the passage
Main Idea/Topic
The passage mainly discusses…

Which of the following would be the best title?

What is the author’s main purpose?

What is the main idea of the passage?

• Usually in the first sentence of each paragraph

• Find the most general statement of the options
TIPS
 One identifying characteristic of minerals is their relative hardness, which can
be determined by scratching one mineral with another. In this type of test, a harder
mineral can scratch s softer one, but a softer mineral is unable to scratch the harder
Line one. The Mohs’ hardness scale is used to rank minerals according to hardness. Ten
(5) minerals are listed in this scale, ranking from talc with a hardness of 1 to diamond
with a hardness of 10. On this scale, quartz (number 7) is harder than feldspar
(number 6) and s therefore able to scratch it; however, feldspar is unable to make a
mark on quartz.

1. Which of the following best states the subject of this passage?

(A) The hardness of diamonds
(B) Identifying minerals by means of a scratch test
(C) Feldspar on the Mohs’ scale
(D) Recognizing minerals in their natural state

2. The main idea of this passage is that

(A) the hardness of a mineral can be determined by its ability to make a mark
on other minerals
(B) diamonds with a hardness of 10 on the Mohs’ scale can scratch all other
minerals
(C) a softer mineral cannot be scratched by a harder mineral
(D) talc is the first mineral listed on the Mohs’ scale
 Vocabulary
Pronouns referents

• The pronoun “It” in line 3 refers to

• The pronoun “they” in line 5 refers to

Synonyms
• The word “X” in line Y is closest in meaning to ...
• This word could be replaced by ...
• The word “X” in line Y could be described as ...
Clues: connector OR
definition (after IS / ARE)
parallel structure
 Mardi Gras, which means “Fat Tuesday” in French, was introduced to America by
French colonists in the early eighteenth century. From that time it has grown in
popularity, particularly in New Orleans, and today it is actually a legal holiday in
Line several southern states. The Mardi Gras celebration in New Orleans begins well
(5) before the actual Mardi Gras Day. Parades, parties, balls, and numerous festivities take
place throughout the week before Mardi Gras Day; tourists from various countries
throughout the world flock to New Orleans for the celebration, where they take part in
a week of nonstop activities before returning home for some much-needed rest.

3. The pronoun “it” in line 2 refers to …

(A) Mardi Gras
(B) French
(C) that time
(D) New Orleans

4. The pronoun “they” in line 8 refers to …

(A) various countries
(B) celebration
(C) tourists
(D) nonstop activities
 Teddy bear is a child’s toy, a nice soft stuffed animal suitable for cuddling. It is, however, a toy with an
interesting history behind it.
Theodore Roosevelt, or Teddy as he was commonly called, was president of the United States from
Line 1901 to 1909. He was an unusually active man with varied pastimes, one of which was hunting. One
(5) day the president was invited to take part in a bear hunt; and inasmuch as Teddy was president, his
hosts wanted to ensure that he caught a bear. A bear was captured, clanked over the head to knock it
out, and tied to a tree; however, Teddy, who really wanted to hunt a bear, refused to shoot the bear, and
in fact, demanded that the bear extricated from the ropes; that is, he demanded that the bear be set free.
The incident attracted a lot of attention among journalists. First a cartoon – drawn by Clifford K.
(10) Berryman to make fun of this situation – appeared in Washington Post, and the cartoon was widely
distributed and reprinted throughout the country. Then toy manufacturers began producing a toy bear
which they called a “teddy bear.” The teddy bear became the most widely recognized symbol of
Roosevelt’s presidency.

1. According to line 1 of the passage, what is a

“teddy bear?” 1. The word “extricated” in line 9 is closest to
(A) A ferocious animal meaning with …
(B) The president of the United States (A) shot
(C) A famous hunter (B) set free
(D) A plaything (C) captured
(D) demanded
2. Look at the word pastimes in paragraph 2. This
word could be replaced by… 2. In line 10, a “cartoon” could best be described
(A) past occurrences as …
(B) previous jobs (A) a newspaper
(C) hunting trips (B) a type of teddy bear
(D) leisure activities (C) a drawing with a message
(D) a newspaper article
 Anticipatory paragraph

The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses …

Tips: Look at the last sentence of the last paragraph

The subject of the preceding passage was most likely …

Tips: Look at the first sentence of the first paragraph

 The subject of the preceding passage was most likely …

Though Edmund Halley was most famous because of his achievements as an

astronomer, he was scientist of diverse interests and great skill. In addition to studying
the skies, Halley was also deeply interested in exploring the unknown of the oceans.
One of his lesser-known accomplishments that was quite remarkable was his design for
a diving bell that facilitate exploration of the watery depths.

1. The subject of the preceding passage was most likely Halley’s …

(A) Childhood
(B) Work as an astronomer
(C) Many different interests
(D) Invention of the diving bell
 The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses …

The discovery of such a huge freshwater lake trapped under Antarctica is of interest
to the scientific community because of the potential that the like contains ancient microbes
that have survived for thousands upon thousands of years, unaffected by factors such as
nuclear fallout and elevated ultraviolet light that have affected organism in more exposed
areas. The downside of the discovery, however; lies in the difficulty of conducting
research on the lake in such a harsh climate and in the problems associated with obtaining
uncontaminated samples from the lake without actually exposing the lake to
contamination. Scientists are looking for possible ways to accomplish this.

10. The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses …

(A) Further discoveries on the surface of Antarctica
(B) Problems with satellite-borne radar equipment
(C) Ways to study Lake Vostok without contaminating it
(D) The harsh climate of Antarctica
Stated Details

According to the passage, …

It is stated in the passage that…

The passage indicates that…

The author mentions that…

Which of the following is true…?

• information can be found in

order in the text
TIPS • find the key words, anticipate
the synonym/the use of another
words for the keywords
 Ice ages, those periods when ice covered extensive areas of the Earth, are
known to have occurred at least six times. Past ice ages can be recognized from rock
strata that show evidence of foreign materials deposited by moving walls of ice or
Line melting glaciers. Ice age can also be recognized from land formations that have been
(5) produced from moving walls of ice, such as U-shaped valleys, sculptured
landscapes, and polished rock faces.

1. According to the passage, what happens during an ice age?

(A) Rock strata are recognized by geologies.
(B) Evidence of foreign materials is found.
(C) Ice covers a large portion of the Earth’s surface.
(D) Ice melts six times.

2. The passage covers how many different methods of recognizing past ice ages?
(A) One
(B) Two
(C) Three
(D) Four
 Unstated detail questions
Which of the following is not stated?

Which of the following is not mentioned?

Which of the following is not discussed?

All of the following are true, except…

Tips:
 Choose a key word in the question.
 Locate the key word in the passage
 Read the sentence carefully.
 Eliminate the answers are definitely true according to the passage
 Choose the answer that is not true or not discussed in the passage
 Blood plasma is a clear, almost colorless liquid. It consists of blood from which
the red and white blood cells have been removed. It is often used in transfusions
because a patient generally needs the plasma portion of the blood more than the
Line other components.
(5) Plasma differs in several important ways from the whole blood. First of all,
plasma can be mixed for all donors and does not have to be from the right blood
group, as whole blood does. In addition, plasma can be dried and stored, while
whole blood cannot.

1. All of the following are true about blood plasma EXCEPT that?
(A) it is a deeply colored liquid
(B) blood cells have been taken out of it
(C) patients are often transfused with it
(D) it is generally more important to the patient than other parts of whole blood

2. Which of the following is NOT stated about whole blood?

(A) It is different from plasma.
(B) It cannot be dried.
(C) It is impossible to keep it in storage for a long time.
(D) It is a clear, colorless liquid.
 Implied detail questions
It is implied in the passage that…

It can be inferred from the passage that …

It is most likely that …

What probably happened …?

Tips:
• Choose a key word in the question.
• Scan the passage for the keyword (related idea).
• Carefully read the sentence that contains the key word.
• Look for an answer that could be true, according to that sentence.
 Probably the most recognized board game around the world is the game of Monopoly. In this
game, players vie for wealth by buying, selling, and renting properties; the key to success in the game, in
addition to a bit of luck, is for a player to acquire monopolies on clusters of properties in order to force
Line opponents to pay exorbitant rents and fees.
(5) Although the game is now published in countless language and versions, with foreign locations
and place names appropriate to the target language adorning its board, the beginnings of the game were
considerably more humble. The game was invented in 1933 by Charles Darrow, during the height of the
Great Depression. Darrow, who lived in Germantown, Pennsylvania, was himself unemployed during
those difficult financial times. He set the original game not as might be expected in his hometown of
(10) Germantown, but in Atlantic City, New Jersey, the site of numerous pre-Depression vacations, where he
walked along the Boardwalk and visited Park Place. Darrow made the first games by hand and sold them
locally until Parker Brothers purchased the right to Monopoly in 1935 and took the first steps toward the
mass production of today.
1. The French version of Monopoly might possibly
include a piece of property entitled
(A) Atlantic City, New Jersey
(B) Germantown, Pennsylvania
(C) Boardwalk
(D) the Eiffel Tower 1. Parker Brothers is probably…
(A) a real estate company
2. It is implied that Darrow selected Atlantic City (B) a game manufacturing company
as the setting for Monopoly because… (C) a group of Charles Darrow’s friends
(A) it brought back good memories (D) a toy design company
(B) his family came from Atlantic City
(C) the people in Germantown might have
been angered if he had used Germantown
(D) Atlantic City was larger than Germantown
 Where in the passage…?

Can be found in any lines listed in the answers to the

questions

Choose the keyword or idea

Skim the lines

Choose the answers that contains the line numbers

of a restatement of the question.
 Beavers generally live in family clusters consisting of six to ten members. One
cluster would probably consist of two adults, one male and one female, and four to
eight young beavers, or kits. A female beaver gives birth each spring to two to four
Line babies at a time. These baby beavers live with their parents until they are two years
(5) old. In the spring time of their second year, they are forced out of the family group
to make room for the new babies. These two-year-old beavers then proceed to start
new family clusters of their own.

1. Where in the passage does the author give the name of a baby beaver?
(A) Line 1
(B) Line 2
(C) Line 3
(D) Line 4

2. Where in the passage does the author indicate why the young beavers must leave
their parents’ home?
(A) Line 1
(B) Line 2
(C) Line 3 – 4
(D) Line 5 – 6
 Summary
Types of Questions:
Main Idea 1. The passage mainly discusses…
2. Which of the following would be the best title?
3. What is the author’s main purpose?
4. What is the main idea of the passage?
 
Vocabulary 1. The pronoun “It” in line 3 refers to
2. The pronoun “they” in line 5 refers to
3. The word “X” in line Y is closest to meaning with ...
4. This word could be replaced by ...
5. The word “X” in line Y could be described as ...
 
Anticipatory 1. The paragraph following the passage most probably
Paragraph discusses …
2. The subject of the preceding passage was most
likely …
 
Stated Details 1. According to the passage, …
2. It is stated in the passage that…
3. The passage indicates that…
4. The author mentions that…
5. Which of the following is true…?
 

Unstated Detail 1. Which of the following is not stated?

Questions 2. Which of the following is not mentioned?
3. Which of the following is not discussed?
4. All of the following are true, except…
 

Implied Detail 1. It is implied in the passage that…

Questions 2. It can be inferred from the passage that …
3. It is most likely that …
4. What probably happened …?
 

Where in the 1. Where in the passage does the author…?

passage
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