Non-PSTN-band modems for high bit-rate transmissions on

twisted pairs
They are classified as :
 DSL Digital Subscriber Line
 HDSL High data rate Digital Subscriber Line
 SDSL Single line Digital Subscriber Line
 ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
 VDSL Very high data rate Digital Subscriber Line
Bit Rate of DSL families
DSL160Kbit/s and cover a distance about 8-10 km
HDSL2.048 Mbit/s and cover a distance about 5.5 Km
SDSL2.048 Mbit/s and cover a distance about
ADSL down: 1.5-9 Mbit/s up: 16-640 Kbit/s and cover a distance about 1-5.5 Km
VDSL down: 13-52 Mbit/s up: 1.5-2.3 Mbit/s and cover a distance about 200-900 m
DSL(Digital Subscriber Line)
The different access technologies do not utilize all of the potential capacity of the
symmetrical twisted cable pair of a subscriber loop.
DSL, or digital subscriber line
has been developed to increase the data transmission rate over ordinary local loops to
the order of a few megabits per second and
 it is simultaneously available for ordinary telephone service.
In DSL, data and speech are separated at the local exchange site.
Then the data portion is connected to the data network for Internet access.
Applications of DSL
DSL services are mainly at residential users.
To provides high-data-rate access to the Internet and
at the same time an ordinary telephone connection over a local loop
 DSL offers a low-cost, high-data-rate access option
 HDSL(High-Bit-Rate DSL)
.
is a variant of DSL
For the interconnection of LANs between offices in the same region, HDSL offers a low-cost, high-data-
rate access option.
 HDSL systems use two cable pairs for full-duplex transmission

In most access technologies signal attenuation together with crosstalk (interference from other systems in
the cable) restricts the transmission distance and a regenerator is required after about each 1.5-km cable
section.
But HDSL increases the section length and thus reduces the need for intermediate repeaters
 The HDSL system transmits the same data rate to both directions just as conventional
1.5/2-Mbps copper cable transmission systems.
HDSL is not a consumer access technology because it is symmetrical, uses two pairs, and does not allow a
voice-band telephone connection to coexist in the same subscriber loop.
Asymmetrical DSL
has the same capacity in both transmission directions
 ADSL transmits at a higher data rate downstream than upstream
That is ADSL uses a single pair and transmits downstream at a high data rate and at a
lower data rate in the upstream direction.
 ADSL technique is used for video-on-demand ( VoD) service
 which transmits one video program to a subscriber via an ordinary telephone
subscriber pair
SDSL (Symmetric DSL)
The SDSL system transmits the data in both directions just as HDSL but it uses a single pair.
 transmission directions operate at a high data rate,
 the near-end crosstalk is higher and the data rate lower than in ADSL
Very-High-Bit-Rate DSL (VDSL)
VDSL is an evolving technology that aims to provide access to wider band services via
ordinary telephone subscriber pairs
 The transmission data rate from the network to the subscriber’s premises is up to 52 Mbps
and up to 6 Mbps in the opposite direction over a single pair
ADSL(Asymmetrical DSL)
ADSL is a variant of DSL
 and transmits at a higher data rate downstream than upstream
Local Loop and 2W/4W Circuits
 Any use of telephone channels involves two unidirectional paths,
one for transmission and one for reception
 The local loop: connects a telephone to a local exchange
It is a two-wire (2W) or Four wire (4W) circuit that carries the signals in
both transmission directions
This pair of wires is
referred to as
Subscriber Loop or
Local Loop as
shown in the
figure.

Shielded Twisted Pair

15/12/2012 11
The following figure shows Local loop and 2W/4W
hybrid.

Figure 5.1 Local loop and 2W/4W hybrid.

2W/4W hybrid

Subscriber loops are and will remain two-wire(2W) circuits,

 because they are one of the biggest investments of the fixed telephone network.
The network Loops are 4W circuits
 Because, the devices in the network is unidirectional and
Hence, inside the network we use two wires for each direction, or four-wire (4W)
connections.
To connect a 2W local loop to a 4W network a circuit called a 2W/4W hybrid is needed.
Two separate Transformers are used in 2W/4W hybrid