1

GASES
PROPERTIES
• Most gases exist in molecules
• Gases have no definite shape or volume
• Force of attraction existing between gas molecules is
negligible
• Diffuse very readily
• Any 2 gases can mix completely when combined
• Diffuse easily and fill all spaces available for them
• Can be compressed
• Have lower densities than solids and liquids
 KMT of GASES
• Gas consists of very small particles, each of which
has mass
• Distances separating gas particles are relatively large
• Gas particles are in constant, rapid, random motion
• Collisions of gas particles with each each other or
with the walls of the container are perfectly elastic
• The average kinetic energy of gas particles depends
only on the temperature of the gas
• Gas particles exert no force on one another
Measurable Properties
of Gases
 Pressure
• Gas molecules hit walls
of container, exerting
a force
• Pressure depends on
– Number of impacts
(collisions) per unit
time
– Force of each
impact
 Pressure (P)
• Defined as force per unit area
• The pressure of a gas is equal to the force
exerted by the gas on the walls of its container
divided by the surface area of the container
P=force/area
• Common units of pressure are Torr, mmHg,
atmosphere (atm)
1 atm= 760 torr=760mmHg
1 torr=1mmHg
1atm=101,325 Pa
• Volume
• Temperature
• Amount of gas
• Density
 9

Boyle’s Law
P α 1/V
This means Pressure
and Volume are
INVERSELY
PROPORTIONAL if
moles and
temperature are
constant (do not
change). For
example, P goes up as Robert Boyle
V goes down. (1627-1691).
Son of Earl of
P1V1 = P2 V2 Cork, Ireland.
 10

Boyle’s Law
A bicycle pump is a
good example of
Boyle’s law.
As the volume of the
air trapped in the
pump is reduced, its
pressure goes up,
and air is forced into
the tire.
 11

Boyles’ Law and Breathing

During an exhalation,

• lung volume
decreases.

• pressure within the

lungs increases.

• air flows from the

higher pressure in
the lungs to the
outside. Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

11
 12
Solve:

a.) A container holds 500 mL of CO2

at 20̊C and 742 torr. What will be
the volume of the CO2 if the
pressure is increased to 795 torr?
 13
Solve:
b.) A balloon contains 7.2 L of He. The
pressure is reduced to 2.00 atm and the
balloon expands to occupy a volume of
25.1L. What is the initial pressure
exerted on the balloon?
 14

For a cylinder containing helium gas indicate if

cylinder A or cylinder B represents the new
volume for the following changes (n and T are
constant).

1) pressure decreases
2) pressure increases

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 15

For a cylinder containing helium gas indicate if

cylinder A or cylinder B represents the new
volume for the following changes (n and T are
constant):
1) Pressure decreases B
2) Pressure increases A

15
 16
A sample of helium gas in a balloon has a volume
of 6.4 L at a pressure of 0.70 atm. At 1.40 atm (T
constant), is the new volume represented by A, B,
or C?

16
 17
Solve:
1. A gas occupies 12.3 liters at a
pressure of 40.0 mmHg. What is the
volume when the pressure is
increased to 60.0 mmHg?
2. If a gas at 25.0̊C occupies 3.60 liters at
a pressure of 1.00 atm, what will be its
volume at a pressure of 2.50 atm?
3. To what pressure must a gas be
compressed to get into a 3.00 cubic
foot tank the entire weight of gas that
occupies 400.0 cu.ft. at a standard
pressure?
 18

Charles’s
Law
If n and P are
constant,
then V α T
V and T are directly
proportional.
V1 V2 Jacques Charles (1746-
1823). Isolated boron and
=
studied gases. Balloonist.
T1 T2
• If one temperature goes
up, the volume goes up!
 19

Charles’s original balloon

Modern long-distance balloon

 20

Charles’s Law
 21
Solve:

1. A container holds 50.0 mL of nitrogen at

25̊ C and a pressure of 736 mmHg. What
will be its volume if the temperature
increases by 35̊C?
2. 568 cm3 of chlorine at 25̊C will occupy
what volume at - 25̊C while the pressure
remains constant?
3. Calculate the decrease in temperature
when 2.00L at 20̊C is compressed to
1.00L.
4. 600.0 mL of air is 20̊C. What is the
volume at 60.0̊C ?
 22

Gay-Lussac’s Law
If n and V are
constant,
then P α T
P and T are directly
proportional.
P1 P2
Joseph Louis Gay-
= Lussac (1778-1850)
T1 T2
• If one temperature goes
up, the pressure goes up!
 23
Solve:

1. The pressure of a container of helium is

at 25̊C is 650 torr. If the sealed container
is cooled to 0̊C, what will the pressure
be?
2. A volume of the gas sample inside a
container exerts a pressure of 1.5 atm at
0̊C. At what temperature will the same
volume of gas exert a pressure of 2.5
atm?
3. Determine the pressure change when a
constant volume of gas at 1.00atm is
heated from 20.0̊C to 30̊C.
 24

Combined Gas Law

States that for a given mass of gas
the volume is inversely
proportional to the pressure and
directly proportional to its
absolute temperature
 25

Combined Gas Law

• The good news is that you don’t
have to remember all three gas
laws! Since they are all related to
each other, we can combine them
into a single equation.

P1 V1 P2 V2
=
T1 T2
 26

Combined Gas Law

If you should only need one of the other gas
laws, you can cover up the item that is
constant and you will get that gas law!

P1 V1 P2 V2 Boyle’s Law
=
T1 Charles’ Law
T2
Gay-Lussac’s
Law
 27

Combined Gas Law Problem

A sample of helium gas has a volume of 0.180 L,

a pressure of 0.800 atm and a temperature of
29°C. What is the new temperature(°C) of the
gas at a volume of 90.0 mL and a pressure of
3.20 atm?
Set up Data Table
P1 = 0.800 atm V1 = 180 mL T1 = 302 K
P2 = 3.20 atm V2= 90 mL T2 = ??
 28

Calculation
P1 = 0.800 atm V1 = 180 mL T1 = 302 K
P2 = 3.20 atm V2= 90 mL T2 = ??

P1 V1 P2 V2
= P1 V1 T2 = P2 V2 T1
T1 T2

T2 = P2 V2 T1
P1 V1
T2 = 3.20 atm x 90.0 mL x 302 K = 604 K
0.800 atm x 180.0 mL

T2 = 604 K - 273 = 331 °C

 29
Solve:

1. A gas occupies a volume of 20L at a

pressure of 5atm, and a temperature of
500K. What will be the volume if both
pressures are raised to 10 atm and the
temperature is lowered to 250K?
2. A sample of sulfur dioxide occupies a
volume of 652 mL at 40̊C and 720 mmHg.
What volume will the sulfur dioxide
occupy at STP?
 30

Learning Check
A gas has a volume of 675 mL at 35°C and
0.850 atm pressure. What is the
temperature in °C when the gas has a
volume of 0.315 L and a pressure of 802
mm Hg?
 31

One More Practice Problem

A balloon has a volume of

785 mL on a fall day when
the temperature is 21°C. In
the winter, the gas cools to
0°C. What is the new volume
of the balloon?
 32

STP

• Standard Pressure = 1 atm (or an equivalent)

• Standard Temperature = 0̊C (273 K)
• STP allows us to compare amounts of gases
between different pressures and
temperatures
 33

Try This One

A sample of neon gas used in a neon sign has a
volume of 15 L at STP. What is the volume (L) of
the neon gas at 2.0 atm and –25°C?
 34

Avogadro’s Hypothesis
Equal volumes of gases at the same
T and P have the same number of
molecules.
V and n are directly related.

twice as many
molecules
 35

Avogadro’s law
States that the volume of a gas
maintained at constant
temperature and pressure is
directly proportional to the
number of moles of the gas
V α n or V=kn Or V/n=k

V1 = V2
n1 n2
 36
Solve:

If 0.75 mole helium gas occupies a volume

of 1.5 L, what volume will 1.2 moles helium
occupy at the same temperature and
pressure?

36
 37

Solution
Given:
V1 = 1.5 L V2 = ???
n1 = 0.75 mole He n2 = 1.2 moles He
Reqd: V2 = ???
Solve for unknown V2
V2 = V1 x n2
n1
Substitute values and solve for V2.
V2 = 1.5 L x 1.2 moles He = 2.4 L
0.75 mole He

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 38

STP
The volumes of gases can be compared at STP,
Standard Temperature and Pressure, when they have

• the same temperature.

Standard temperature (T)
0°C or 273 K

• the same pressure.

Standard pressure (P)
1 atm (760 mm Hg)
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 39
Molar Volume
At standard temperature and pressure (STP), 1
mole of a gas occupies a volume of 22.4 L,
which is called its molar volume.

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 40

Molar Volume as a Conversion

Factor
The molar volume at STP can be used to
form conversion factors.

22.4 L and 1 mole

1 mole 22.4 L

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 41

Using Molar Volume

What is the volume occupied by 2.75 moles N2 gas
at STP?
The molar volume is used to convert moles to
liters.

2.75 moles N2 x 22.4 L = 61.6 L

1 mole

41
 42
Solve:
1. 5.00 L of a gas is known to contain 0.965 mol. If
the amount of gas is increased to 1.80 mol, what
new volume will result (at an unchanged
temperature and pressure)?
2. A cylinder with a movable piston contains 2.00
g of helium, He, at room temperature. More
helium was added to the cylinder and the volume
was adjusted so that the gas pressure remained
the same. How many grams of helium were
added to the cylinder if the volume was changed
from 2.00 L to 2.70 L?

42
 IDEAL GAS LAW
43

PV=nRT
Brings together gas
properties.
 44

Using PV = nRT
P = Pressure
V = Volume
T = Temperature
N = number of moles

R is a constant, called the Ideal Gas Constant

L • atm
R = 0.0821

Mol • K
 45
Numerical Values of the Gas
Constant, R in Various Units

Units Numerical Values

L-atm/mol-K 0.0821
Cal/mol-K 1.987
J/mol-K 8.314
m3-Pa/mol-K 8.314
L-torr/mol-K 62.36
 46

Using PV = nRT
How much N2 is required to fill a small room
with a volume of 960 cubic feet (27,000 L) to
745 mm Hg at 25 oC?
Solution
1. Get all data into proper units
V = 27,000 L
T = 25 oC + 273 = 298 K
P = 745 mm Hg (1 atm/760 mm Hg)
= 0.98 atm
And we always know R, 0.0821 L atm / mol K
 47

Using PV = nRT
How much N2 is req’d to fill a small room with a volume of 960
cubic feet (27,000 L) to P = 745 mm Hg at 25 oC?
Solution
2. Now plug in those values and solve for the
unknown.
PV = nRT
RT RT
4
(0.98 atm)(2.7 x 10 L)
n =
(0.0821 L • atm/K • mol)(298 K)
n = 1.1 x 103 mol (or about 30 kg of gas)
Solve 48

1. Dinitrogen monoxide (N2O), laughing

gas, is used by dentists as an
anesthetic. If 2.86 mol of gas
occupies a 20.0 L tank at 23°C, what
is the pressure (mm Hg) in the tank
in the dentist office?

2. A 5.0 L cylinder contains oxygen gas

at 20.0°C and 735 mm Hg. How
many grams of oxygen are in the
cylinder?
 49
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

2 H2O2 (l) ---> 2 H2O (g) + O2 (g)

0.32 atm 0.16 atm
What is the total pressure in the flask?
Ptotal in gas mixture = PA + PB + ...
Therefore,
Ptotal = PH2O + PO2 = 0.48 atm
Dalton’s Law: total P is sum of
PARTIAL pressures.
 50
Solve:
1. A container holds three gases: oxygen, carbon
dioxide, and helium. The partial pressures of the
three gases are 2.00 atm, 3.00 atm, and 4.00
atm, respectively. What is the total pressure
inside the container?

2. A container with two gases, helium and argon, is

30.0% by volume helium. Calculate the partial
pressure of helium and argon if the total pressure
inside the container is 4.00 atm.
 51

Graham’s Law of Diffusion

Graham’s law governs

effusion and diffusion
of gas molecules.

Rate for A M of B
Rate for B M of A

Rate
Rate of
of effusion/diffusion
effusion/diffusion isis
inversely
inversely proportional
proportional toto the
the Thomas Graham, 1805-1869. Professor
in Glasgow and London.
square
square roots
roots of
of their
their molar
molar
masses
masses at at constant
constant T T and
and P.
P.
 52

GAS DIFFUSION AND

EFFUSION

• diffusion is the • effusion is the

gradual mixing of movement of
molecules of molecules through a
different gases. small hole into an
empty container.
 53
GAS DIFFUSION AND
EFFUSION
Molecules effuse thru holes in a
rubber balloon, for example, at a
rate (= moles/time) that is
• proportional to T He
• inversely proportional to M.
Therefore, He effuses more rapidly
than O2 at same T.
 54

Gas Diffusion
relation
relation of
of mass
mass to
to rate
rate of
of diffusion
diffusion
•• HCl
HCland
andNHNH33 diffuse
diffuse
from
from opposite
oppositeendsends
of
of tube.
tube.
•• Gases
Gasesmeet
meet totoform
form
NH
NH44Cl
Cl
•• HCl
HClheavier
heavier than
thanNH NH33
•• Therefore,
Therefore, NH
NH44ClCl
forms
formscloser
closertotoHCl
HCl
end
endofoftube.
tube.
 55
Solve:
1. If equal amounts of helium and argon are
placed in a porous container and allowed to
escape, which gas will escape faster and
how much faster?
2. What is the molecular weight of gas which
diffuses 1/50 as fast as hydrogen?