Anna Nur Nazilah Chamim, ST.,M.Eng.

electrostatics
 STATIC ELECTRIC
FIELD

1. Electrical charge
The electric charge is expressed in coulombs.
Positive electric charge and negative electric charge
- Objects with negative electric charge, excess electrons
- Objects with a positive electric charge, lacking electrons
- Objects are not electrically charged (neutral), the amount of charge
the negative is the same as the positive charge
2. Coulomb's Law
two objects with the same electric charge, repel two objects with different
electric charges, of attraction
• "The amount of attractive or repulsive force between two electrically charged objects is
proportional to the magnitude of each charge and is inversely proportional to the square
of the distance between the two objects"

• The formulation:

• Q1 and Q2 = magnitude of each charge (coulomb)

• r = distance between the two charges (meters)
• k = a constant for vacuum = 9X109 Nm2/C2
• F = coulomb force (newton)
 The constant for vacuum can also be written as:

where ε = the permittivity of the vacuum (air)

0

Then:
  Example

 At the vertices of an equilateral triangle are placed electric charges of Q1 = + 1μC,

Q2 = + 2μC, and Q3 = -3μC

 Solution:
 Q1 with Q2 refused to reject
 Q1 with Q3 tug of war
 angle between F12 and F13 = 1200
 r = 30 cm = 0.3 m
 1μC = 10-6 C

 Force between charge Q1 and Q2

• Force between charge Q1 and Q3

• So that the resultant force acting in Q1:

 Muatan Listrik

• Electric field by point charge

• The space around the electric charge, both positive and negative charges, is the
electric field space. The electric field strength around the electric charge can be
described with lines of force, because the electric field strength is a vector quantity.

• The direction of the strong field around the positive charge, away from the electric
charge
• Around the negative charge, the direction of the field strength approaches the charge
• Then charge q will be rejected by charge Q with a force of:

• While the electric field strength (E) at the point where the charge test q
is:
 E direction toward charge –Q and is with F.

 Example:
 An electric charge which can be thought of as a point charge of magnitude + 25μC.
Determine the magnitude of the electric field at a distance of 50 cm from the
charge.

 Solution:
 Electrical Capacity

Capacitor uses:
1. To avoid an electric jump in circuits containing a coil when the
electric current is suddenly cut off
2. As a store of charge or electrical energy
3. As a variable to select the desired wavelength on the radio set
In accordance with its use, the capacitor capacity depends
on the dimensions (size) and the mediums in the capacitor.
 Each capacitor has a capacity of C, which is expressed as
a constant ratio between the charge Q of one of the
conductors against the potential difference between the
two conductors.
 C=Q/V
 From the above equation the price of C is constant
(fixed), meaning that if Q is large then V is greater and if Q
is small, then V is getting smaller
 The chip capacitor is
parallel

Each piece:
-charged Q
-the area is A
-distance between pieces d

the electric field between the pieces

with

Then

It is also known that the relationship between E

and V is:

Then
From the previous equation, so that

(formula for between pieces filled with air)

Where
capacitor capacity (farad)

the permittivity of the vacuum (air)

 For keeping containing other mediums that have a K coefficient,
the equation applies:

 or

 Where

 the permittivity of a medium

dielectric constant
price K 1, for air K = 1.
Dielectric materials are usually made of insulating
materials such as mica, paper, plastic, air fluids,
etc.
 Combined Capacitors
Several capacitors can be combined into one circuit, either series or
parallel
Series arrangement
If two or more capacitors are arranged in series, the charge on each
capacitor is the same, because the total charge of all capacitors is the
same as the charge of each capacitor

The combined capacity is or

The amount of charge: Q1 = Q2 = Qg where. Qg = combined charge

 Parallel Arrangement

 Several capacitors are installed in parallel, so all of these capacitors

will have the same potential difference

 The combined capacity:

 The payload is: Qg = Q1 + Q2 + Q3

 where: Qg = combined charge
 Series and Parallel
Arrangements
Capacitors can be connected in series and parallel

So: voltage V2 = V3 (parallel, same voltage) charge Q1 = Q2 +

Q3 (series, same charge).
Determine the compound C:
-Combining C2 and C3 in parallel.

-Combining C1 and C2,3 in series

 Exercise
Determine the capacity of the capacitor which has a chip area
of 2 cm2 and
the distance between the pieces is 0.4 cm, if the load of each
chip
equal to 10-5 and = 8.85 10-12 C2 / N, m2 between the chips
there is a medium with a dielectric constant of 2.
Two capacitors each with a capacity of 2 μ F and 3 μ F are
installed in series. The potential difference between their
combined ends is 10 volts.
Determine:
(a) Their combined capacity.
(b) Muatań each capacitor.
(c) The potential difference for each capacitor.
Two capacitors are installed in parallel, each of which is 1 μ F
and 2 μ F. The potential difference between the ends is 12
volts,
then determine:
(a) The capacity of the substitute (combined).
(b) The charge of each capacitor.
(c) The combined load.