Limit Theorems

By : Ivan Sutresno Hadi Sujoto

 Limit of Function
Since the concept of limit is the central concept in differential and integral
calculus, the following definition of limit cannot be avoided

Defined : Limit of the function f at x0

let (a, b) be an open intervall and x0 ∈ (a, b)
is D = (a, b) \ {x0} = {x ∈ (a, b) | x ≠ x0} = (a, x0) ∪ (x0, b) and

f : D → R, so has f for x → x0 a limit y0, when there is a 𝛿 > 0

for every ε > 0 with x ∈ D ˄ |x - x0| < 𝛿 → |f(x) – y0| < ε

Notation :
lim f ( x)  y0 If x approach x0, but x ≠ x0, then f(x)
x  x0
approaches y0
 Intuition of Limit
Example :
2x2  x  3
f ( x)  D(f) = R \ {1}
x 1

How the function‘s value for x approach 1...?

2x2  x  3
lim 5
x 1 x 1
Example : Special case :
lim(2 x  3) sin( x)
x2 lim
7 x 5  10 x 4  13 x  6
x 0 x
2
x  x6 lim
lim x2 3x 2  6 x  8
x  2 x2
x 1 x 2  3 x  10
lim lim 2
x 1 x 1 x2 x  x  6

cos( x) x 3  3x  7
lim x 2  lim 2
x 1 x  2 x  1
x0 10000
 Left and Right Side Limit
Is D = (a, x0) and f : D → R, so defined :

f has for x → x0 a left side limit y0, when there is a 𝛿 > 0 for every ε > 0

with x ∈ D ˄ |x - x0| < 𝛿 → |f(x) – y0| < ε

Notation :
lim f ( x)  y0
x  x0 
Is D = (a, ∞) and f : D → R, so defined :

f has for x → ∞ a limit y0, when there is a s ∈ R for every ε > 0 with

x ∈ D ˄ x > s → |f(x) – y0| < ε

Notation :
lim f ( x)  y0
x 

The right side limits are defined analogously

Notation : lim f ( x)  y0
x  x0 

Also defined : lim f ( x)  y0

x 
Theorem : The limit of f at the position x0 exist, if and only if left and right side
limit exist and have the same value
lim f ( x )  y0  lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)  y0
x  x0 x  x0  x  x0 
Example : Based on the previous theorem, describe the the following function
at point x = 3

 x  5 , x  3
f ( x)  
 9  x ,  3  x  3
2

Based on the previous theorem, describe the the following function

at point x = 2
f ( x)  x 2  x  1
 Continuity of Function
A function f : D → R is called continue, when there is a 𝛿 > 0 for every
ε > 0 with x ∈ D ˄ |x - x0| < 𝛿 → |f(x) – y0| < ε

Simplified : f : D → R is called continue in D, when f is continuous at every

point x0
The following criterion for the continuity of a function f at a point x0 ∈ D ⊆ R is
more practical than the ε and 𝛿 definition
f is continue at x0 ∈ D ↔ lim (x→x0) f(x) = f(x0)
Based on the previous statement, a function is called a continuous
function if : f(x0) exist
lim (x → x0) f(x) exist
lim (x → x0) f(x) = f(x0)
If any of the above conditions are not met, then f is discontinuous
Example : Show that the following function are continuous at x = 1
x  3 , x  1
f ( x)   2
x 1 , x  1

Example : Show that the following function are continuous at x1 = 0 and x2 = 1

x , x0

f ( x)   x 2 , 0  x 1
2  x , x  1

 Limit Operation
For k is a constant, f and g are function with limit at the point x0, so
applies : lim f ( x)  n lim f ( x)
lim k  k lim[ f ( x)]n  [ lim f ( x)]n x  x0
n
x  x0
x  x0 x  x0
x  x0

lim x  x0 lim [ f ( x).g ( x)]  lim f ( x). lim g ( x)

x  x0 x  x0 x  x0 x  x0

lim k f ( x)  k lim f ( x) f ( x) xlim x0

f ( x)
x  x0 x  x0
lim 
x  x0 g ( x ) lim g ( x)
x  x0
lim [ f ( x)  g ( x)]  lim f ( x)  lim g ( x)
x  x0 x  x0 x  x0
Example :
tan( x)
lim 4 x3 lim
x2 x 0 x

lim (3x 2  2 x)
x4

x2  9
lim
x4 x
Example : For lim (x→3) f(x) = 4 and lim (x→3) g(x) = 8, calculate :

lim[ f 2 ( x). 3 g ( x)]

x 3
 Limit of Trigonometric Function
Important : 2 known limit of trigonometric function :

sin ( x) 1  cos ( x)
lim 1 lim 0
x 0 x and x0 x

Example :

sin (3x) sin (2 x) 1  cos ( x) 2 tan 2 ( x)

lim lim lim lim
x 0 x x  0 sin (5 x) x 0 sin ( x) x 0 x2
 Indefinite Expressions of Limit
We know the following rule :
f ( x) xlim x0
f ( x)
lim 
x  x0 g ( x ) lim g ( x)
x  x0

The above rule applies when lim (x → x0) f(x) and lim (x → x0) g(x) exist

Furthermore lim (x → x0) g(x) ≠ 0

Example :
sin( x)
lim
x 0 x
 0 
Type of indefinite expression of limit [ ] [ ]
0 
Another type of indefinite expression of limit [0.] [1 ] [0 ] [  ]

A possibility to calculate indefinite expressions of limit is provided by the

L‘Hospital theorem
Example : Is the following function a indefinite expression of limit at some
certain point...? What kind of form they have...?

sin ( x) sin ( x 2 ) sin ( x) ln ( x) x 3x  10

lim lim lim lim lim lim
x 0 x x0 x x 0 x2 x 1 x  1 x   sinh ( x ) x   6 x  25
Rule of L‘Hospital : Let f and g in the surrounding (- ∞, ∞) at x differentiable
0

and in the form :

f ( x) 0 
lim  or
x  x0 g ( x) 0 

So applies :

f ( x) f '( x)
lim  lim
x  x0 g ( x) x  x0 g '( x)
Example : Calculate the limit of the folowing function

sin ( x) 3x3
lim lim x
x  e
x0 x
sin ( x) sinh ( x)
lim lim
x   cosh ( x )
x0 x2
sin ( x 2 ) 2
lim lim (1  )3 x
x0 x x  x
x
lim
x   sinh ( x )