Data Manipulation

Chapter Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL 1

insert/manipulate data
 Chapter Objectives
• Add a record to an existing table
• Add a record containing a NULL value to
an existing table
• Use a subquery to copy records from an
existing table
• Modify the existing rows within a table

Chapter Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL 2

insert/manipulate data
 Chapter Objectives
• Use substitution variables with an UPDATE
command
• Issue the transaction control statements
COMMIT and ROLLBACK
• Differentiate between DDL, DML, and
transaction control commands

Chapter Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL 3

insert/manipulate data
 Chapter Objectives
• Delete records
• Differentiate between a shared lock and an
exclusive lock
• Use the SELECT…FOR UPDATE
command to create a shared lock

Chapter Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL 4

insert/manipulate data
 INSERT Command
• Used to add rows to existing tables
• Identify table in the INSERT INTO clause
• Specify data in the VALUES clause
• Can only add one row at a time to a table

Chapter Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL 5

insert/manipulate data
 INSERT Command Syntax
• Enclose non-numeric data in single quotes
• If column list not provided, a value must be
assigned to each column in the table

Chapter Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL 6

insert/manipulate data
 INSERT Command Example

Chapter Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL 7

insert/manipulate data
 Inserting NULL Value
• Omit column name from INSERT INTO
clause column list
• Substitute two single quotation marks
• Use NULL keyword

Chapter Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL 8

insert/manipulate data
 Inserting Data from an Existing
Table
Substitute subquery for VALUES clause

Chapter Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL 9

insert/manipulate data
 Modifying Existing Rows
• Modify rows using UPDATE command
• Use UPDATE command to:
– Add values to an existing row
– Change existing values

Chapter Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL 10

insert/manipulate data
 UPDATE Command
• UPDATE clause identifies table
• SET clause identifies column being
changed and new value
• Optional WHERE clause specifies row(s) to
be changed – if omitted, will update all
rows

Chapter Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL 11

insert/manipulate data
 UPDATE Command Syntax

Chapter Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL 12

insert/manipulate data
 UPDATE Command Example

Chapter Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL 13

insert/manipulate data
• Note: select query format is determined at
the time of the select statement: e.g.

Select title, to_char(pubdate, ‘MONTH DD,

YYYY’) “Publication Date”,
to_char (retail, ‘$999.99’) “Retail Price”
from books

Chapter Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL 14

insert/manipulate data
 Substitution Variables
• Prompts user for value
• Identified by ampersand (&) preceding
variable name
• Can be used to create interactive scripts

Chapter Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL 15

insert/manipulate data
 Substitution Variable Example

Chapter Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL 16

insert/manipulate data
 Transaction Control
• Results of Data Manipulation Language
(DML) are not permanently updated to table
until explicit or implicit COMMIT occurs
• Transaction control statements can:
– Commit data through COMMIT command
– Undo data changes through ROLLBACK
command

Chapter Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL 17

insert/manipulate data
 COMMIT
• Explicit COMMIT occurs by executing
COMMIT;
• Implicit COMMIT occurs when DDL
command is executed or user properly exits
system
• Permanently updates table(s) and allows
other users to view changes

Chapter Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL 18

insert/manipulate data
 ROLLBACK
• Used to “undo” changes that have not been
committed
• Occurs when:
– ROLLBACK; is executed
– System restarts after crash

Chapter Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL 19

insert/manipulate data
 Deleting Rows//
DELETE command removes a row from a table

Chapter Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL 20

insert/manipulate data
 DELETE Command – Omitting
WHERE Clause
Omitting WHERE clause removes all rows

Chapter Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL 21

insert/manipulate data
 Table Locks
• Prevents users from changing same data or
objects
• Two types:
– Shared – prevents DML operations on portion
of table
– Exclusive – locks table preventing other
exclusive or shared locks

Chapter Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL 22

insert/manipulate data
 Shared Lock
• Locks portion of table affected by DML
operation
• Implicitly occurs during UPDATE or
DELETE operations
• Explicitly occurs through LOCK TABLE
command with SHARE MODE option
• Released when COMMIT (implicit or
explicit) or ROLLBACK occurs
Chapter Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL 23
insert/manipulate data
 Exclusive Lock
• Implicitly locks table for DDL operations -
CREATE or ALTER TABLE
• Explicitly locked through LOCK TABLE
command with EXCLUSIVE MODE option
• Released after execution of DDL operation
or after user exits system

Chapter Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL 24

insert/manipulate data
 SELECT…FOR UPDATE
Command
• Creates shared lock on retrieved portion of
table
• Prevents one user from changing a row
while another user is selecting rows to be
changed
• Released through implicit or explicit
commit

Chapter Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL 25

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 SELECT…FOR UPDATE
Command – Example

Chapter Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL 26

insert/manipulate data