Quiz Sesi 3

Quiz Sesi 3
Kerjakan sampai pukul 09.45
https://forms.office.com/r/NS9imaGHe3
Subject : CPEN6108 / Computer Networks
Year : 2021

Session 03
Networking Media
 Learning Outcomes

Students will be able to explain and use

Wired & Wireless LAN for corporate
network
 Transmission Media

Bounded/Guided
– Copper Cable such as Twisted Pair (Unshielded,
Shielded) and Coaxial Cable
– Optical Cable (Single mode and Multi mode)
Unbounded/Unguided
– Electromagnetic Wave (VHF, UHF, Microwave).
 Transmission Characteristics
• Characteristics and data transmission is
determined by the medium used and signal
quality
• Data transmission using guided media, the
medium itself determine the bandwidth of the
communication channel capacity.
• Data transmission using electromagnetic wave
the bandwidth of antenna is important.
• Key performance is the transmission data rate
and the covered distance.
 Figure 7.2 Classes of transmission media

Forouzan, B.A., (2010). Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition, Mc.Graw-Hill, Chapter 7
 7-1 GUIDED MEDIA

Guided media, which are those that provide a conduit

from one device to another, include twisted-pair cable,
coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable.

Topics discussed in this section:

Twisted-Pair Cable
Coaxial Cable
Fiber-Optic Cable

Forouzan, B.A., (2010). Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition, Mc.Graw-Hill, Chapter 7
 Figure 7.1 Transmission medium and physical layer

Forouzan, B.A., (2010). Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition, Mc.Graw-Hill, Chapter 7
 Figure 7.3 Twisted-pair cable

Forouzan, B.A., (2010). Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition, Mc.Graw-Hill, Chapter 7
UTP Category
 Figure 7.5 UTP connector

Forouzan, B.A., (2010). Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition, Mc.Graw-Hill, Chapter 7
 Twisted Pair Configuration

• If both cable end configured with SAME type configuration then its become
Straight Through Cable
• Straight Through Cable use for connecting DIFFERENT devices, ex: PC-
Switch, Switch - Router (except PC - Router use crossover)
• If cable end configured with DIFFERENT type configuration then its become
Crossover Cable
• Crossover Cable use for connecting SAME devices, ex : PC-PC, Router-
Router, Switch-Switch, PC-Router
 Figure 7.7 Coaxial cable

Forouzan, B.A., (2010). Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition, Mc.Graw-Hill, Chapter 7
 Figure 7.8 BNC connectors

Forouzan, B.A., (2010). Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition, Mc.Graw-Hill, Chapter 7
 Fiber Optic
Figure 7.14 Fiber construction

Forouzan, B.A., (2010). Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition, Mc.Graw-Hill, Chapter 7
 Figure 7.12 Propagation modes

Forouzan, B.A., (2010). Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition, Mc.Graw-Hill, Chapter 7
 Figure 7.13 Modes

Forouzan, B.A., (2010). Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition, Mc.Graw-Hill, Chapter 7
 Figure 7.15 Fiber-optic cable connectors

Forouzan, B.A., (2010). Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition, Mc.Graw-Hill, Chapter 7
 Ethernet
• Most popular LAN standards
• Simple and relatively inexpensive
• Scalable
– 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps
• Physical Layer
– Bus (broadcast) topology
– 10Base-T: Manchester encoding
– 100Base-T: 4B/5B encoding
– 8-wire (4-pair) UTP bundle
Figure 3.1 IEEE standard for LANs

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 21

Figure 3.2 Ethernet Frame

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 22

Figure 3.3 Maximum and minimum lengths

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 23

Note

Minimum length: 64 bytes (512 bits)

Maximum length: 1518 bytes (12,144 bits)

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 24

Figure 3.4 Ethernet address in hexadecimal notation

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 25

Figure 3.5 Unicast and multicast addresses

unicast: 0 multicast: 1

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 27

Note

The broadcast destination address is a

special case of the multicast address
in which all bits are 1s.

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 31

Note

The least significant bit of the first byte

defines the type of address.
If the bit is 0, the address is unicast;
otherwise, it is multicast.

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 32

 Media Access Control
• Shared-media broadcast technology.
• Ethernet’s MAC performs three functions:
 Transmitting and receiving data packets .
 Decoding data packets and checking them for valid
addresses before passing them to the upper layers.
 Detecting errors within data packets or on the network
• Use Contention Transmission principle (First come, first
served ).
• Dictates who can transmit and when (Only
one station may transmit at a time; otherwise,
their signals would be scrambled)
 Media Access Control
• Assembly of data into frame with address
and error detection fields
• Disassembly of frame
– Address recognition
– Error detection
 Logical Link Control

• Interface to higher levels

• Flow and error control
• Transmission of link level between two
stations
• Must support multiaccess, shared medium
Figure 3.6 Ethernet evolution through four generations

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 36

 Figure 3.7 Space/time model of a collision in CSMA

B starts C starts
at time t1 at time t2
A B C D

t1

t2
Area where
A’s signal exists

Area where
both signals exist

Area where
B’s signal exists

Time Time

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 37

Figure 3.8 Collision of the first bit in CSMA/CD

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 38

Figure 3.9 CSMA/CD flow diagram

refrains

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 39

 3-2 WIRELESS LANS
Wireless communication is one of the fastest growing
technologies. The demand for connecting devices without
the use of cables is increasing everywhere. Wireless LANs
can be found on college campuses, in office buildings, and
in many public areas. In this section, we concentrate on
two wireless technologies for LANs: IEEE 802.11
wireless LANs, sometimes called wireless Ethernet, a
technology for small wireless LANs.

Forouzan, B.A., (2010). TCP/IP Protocol Suite, 4th

 Figure 3.13 Basic service sets (BSSs)

also known as “peer-to-peer” mode

Forouzan, B.A., (2010). TCP/IP Protocol Suite, 4th

Edition, Mc.Graw-Hill
 Figure 3.14 Extended service sets (ESSs)

Forouzan, B.A., (2010). TCP/IP Protocol Suite, 4th

Edition, Mc.Graw-Hill
 Wireless LAN Specifications (1)

IEEE WLAN
Radio Frequency Description
Standard
802.11 2.4 GHz speeds of up to 2 Mbps
speeds of up to 54 Mbps
802.11a 5 GHz small coverage area
less effective at penetrating building structures
not interoperable with the 802.11b and 802.11g
speeds of up to 11 Mbps
802.11b 2.4 GHz longer range than 802.11a
better able to penetrate building structures
speeds of up to 54 Mbps
802.11g 2.4 GHz backward compatible with 802.11b with reduced bandwidth
capacity
 Wireless LAN Specifications (2)
IEEE WLAN Radio Frequency Description
Standard

data rates range from 150 Mbps to 600 Mbps with a distance range of up to
70 m (230 feet)
802.11n 2.4 GHz 5 GHz
APs and wireless clients require multiple antennas using MIMO technology
backward compatible with 802.11a/b/g devices with limiting data rates
provides data rates ranging from 450 Mbps to 1.3 Gbps (1300 Mbps) using
MIMO technology
802.11ac 5 GHz
Up to eight antennas can be supported
backwards compatible with 802.11a/n devices with limiting data rates
released in 2019 - latest standard
also known as High-Efficiency Wireless (HEW)
higher data rates
increased capacity
802.11ax 2.4 GHz 5 GHz
handles many connected devices
improved power efficiency
1 GHz and 7 GHz capable when those frequencies become available
Search the internet for Wi-Fi Generation 6 for more information
 802.11b Wireless LAN
20MHz 20MHz 20MHz

2400 2483.5

2435

2445

2465
2470
2400
2405
2410
2415
2420
2425
2430

2440

2450
2455
2460

2475
2480
Ch1 Ch6 Ch11

• Utilise Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) technology

• Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA)
• Frequency range of DSSS is between 2.4 to 2.4835 GHz
• No. of channels at different part of the world varies (S.E.A. : 13 channels)
• Each channel bandwidth is approximately 20MHz
Figure 3.15 CSMA/CA flow diagram

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 46

 Figure 3.16 CSMA/CA and NAV

Source Destination All other stations

•••

DIFS

1 RTS
SIFS

CTS 2

SIFS
NAV
3 Data (No carrier sensing)

SIFS
ACK 4

Time Time Time Time

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 47

Figure 3.17 Frame format

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 48

Figure 3.18 Control frames

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 49

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 50
Figure 3.19 Hidden station problem

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 51

Note

The CTS frame in CSMA/CA handshake

can prevent collision from a hidden station.

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 52

Figure 3.20 Use of handshaking to prevent hidden station problem

B A C

RTS

CTS CTS

Time Time Time

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 53

 References

Main Reference Session 03

Chapter 07

• Behrouz A. Forouzan., 2013. Data

communications and networking
5/e. McGraw Hill. New York.
ISBN:0073376221