SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY FROM THE

SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
TO THE EARLY
NINETEENTH CENTURY/
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Luckie Kristine S. Modelo
FROM THE BEGINNING OF HISTORY
UNTIL THE 19TH CENTURY

Labor and other activities are done by

human hand, either directly or with the aid
of tools/implements held by hands or with
animals guided by man.
FOR THE PRODUCTION OF GOODS AND SERVICES
THEY REINFORCED SIMPLE DEVICES LIKE:

Pulley Lever
AS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
PROGRESSES ….

the simple gadgets or machines were

replaced by improved ones that the
corresponding outputs of production
increased significantly.
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

 thephenomenal process in the transfer of

doing work by human hands and feet to
the use of machines.
 this process was accompanied by setting
up of factories to produce specific
products for human use and consumptions
and the conversion of some agricultural
lands into town.
DURING THIS PERIOD OF
HISTORY…
 thesearch and use of new sources of
energy to generate power to operate more
complex machines or equipment more
rapidly accelerated and production
gradually gained popularity.
 population showed significant increase
and spurred agricultural and industrial
development and created market and
product demands.
JAMES WATT (1765)

 A Scottishengineer, he improved the

steam engine invented in the late 1600’s
by inventing the condensing steam engine.
 Inconsultation and collaboration with
Joseph Black, the discoverer of “latent
heat” in thermodynamics, Watt made an
exhaustive and systematic study of heat
losses in engine and relate his findings on
the physical properties of steam to the
conduction of heat by metals.
STEAM ENGINES WERE THE
FOUNDATIONS OF INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
 The introduction of steam power as the
main prime mover of steam engines has
significantly propelled and improved
industry operations and the transport
system in the nineteenth century resulting
to greater mobility.
THE STEAM ENGINE REPLACED WATER
AND MUSCLE PROCESSES.
BRITISH ENGINEERS CONSTRUCTED
THE FIRST PASSENGER RAILWAY
TRANSPORT.
The Industrial Revolution in England or
United Kingdom of Great Britain in the
middle of the eighteenth century and the
mechanization of industrial processes
proved the thesis of Francis Bacon that
through useful utilization and application
of knowledge, the material pursuit and
welfare of society can be advanced and
improved.
DURING THIS PERIOD, THERE WERE
SEVERAL MEN WHO DEVOTED SOME OF
THEIR TIME AND EFFORTS IN THE
IMPROVEMENT OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE.
 Benjamin Franklin
 Alessandro Volta

 Michael Faraday

 Hans Oersted

 Andre Ampere

 Joseph Henry

 Samuel F.B. Morse

 Alexander Graham Bell

 Thomas Alva Edison

 Heinrich Hertz

 Guglielmo Marconi
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1706-1790)

 An American.
 His contribution to
science was his
experiments on
electricity, particularly his
invention of the lightning
rod, a device that
prevents houses from
burning when struck by a
lightning.
BENJAMIN’S LIGHTNING ROD
ALESSANDRO VOLTA (1745-1827)

 An Italian.
 His experiments on
metals ended up to his
invention of the electric
battery in 1800.
 The unit of
electromagnetic force
which derives current
called volts was derive
from his name.
VOLTA’S ELECTRIC BATTERY
MICHAEL FARADAY (1791-1867)

 He conducted an
experimental work on
electromagnetism paving
the way for his invention
of electromagnetic
conduction.
HANS OERSTED (1777-1851)

 His experiments on
electricity revealed that
electric current that
flowed on wire and
deflected the needle of a
magnetic compass.
THE COMBINE RESEARCH EFFORTS OF FARADAY AND OERSTED
ON ELECTROMAGNETISM AND ON ELECTRICITY EVENTUALLY
LED TO THE INVENTION OF THE ELECTRIC MOTOR.

 A device for converting

electrical energy to
mechanical energy.
ANDRE AMPERE (1775-1836)

 He explained the
magnetic effects in terms
of electric currents
flowing in small loops
and he deduced that if the
flow of electricity
produced magnetism, the
magnetism should be able
to generate electric
current.
IN THE MIDDLE
OF NINETEENTH
CENTURY
JOSEPH HENRY (1797-1878)

 He used power
electromagnets for lifting
heavy loads.
SAMUEL F.B. MORSE (1791-1872)

 An American.
 He developed the first
practical telegraph.
 He also develop the
Morse Code, a system of
signals composed of dots
and dashes combined to
represent letters of the
alphabet used in wire
telegraph.
First Practical Telegraph Morse Code
ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL (1847-1922)

 An American.
 He invented the
telephone.
 He carried out the world’s
first successful telephone
conversation in 1876.
THOMAS ALVA EDISON (1847-1931)

 He was able to visualize

that electricity has the
great potential to be of
service to mankind and to
the advancement of
industrialization.
AMONG THE VERY IMPORTANT
INVENTIONS OF EDISON ARE …
Electric Bulb Storage Battery
AMONG THE VERY IMPORTANT
INVENTIONS OF EDISON ARE …
Equipment for motion
Phonograph
pictures
IN LATER PART OF
THE EIGHTEENTH
CENTURY
HEINRICH HERTZ (1857-1894)

 A German Physicist who

was able to produce and
visualize electromagnetic
waves, he sent this waves
through space and made
measurements of their
wavelength and velocity.
GUGLIELMO MARCONI (1874-1937)

 An Italian Physicist who

developed the wireless
telegraph apparatus which
he patented in 1900.
 He was awarded the Nobel
Prize for Physics in 1909,
because of his
accomplishment and
contribution to the
advancement of worldwide
communication.
 With all of these scientific and
technological developments and
breakthroughs that occurred both in
Europe and in America, there likewise
transpired symbolic changes and
advancement in the process of
industrialization,
 Evident on these changes are in the areas
of communication, transportation, and
electricity.
 The mode and process on which people
would communicate with each other was
greatly improved and facilitated.
 The way on which people would go from
one to another place to promote commerce
and trade was greatly enhanced.
 Improved facilities and comforts were
experienced and enjoyed by most people
living in cities in Europe and the United
States of America.
 During this period in human civilization,
society was significantly and beneficially
influenced by scientific and technological
developments.
SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY IN
THE NINETEENTH
CENTURY
 The 19th century was the age of machine tools -
tools that made tools - machines that made parts
for other machines, including interchangeable
parts. The assembly line was invented during the
19th century, speeding up the factory production
of consumer goods.
 The 19th century gave birth to the professional
scientist, the word scientist was first used in 1833
by William Whewell. Inventors began to design
practical internal combustion engines. The
lightbulb, telephone, typewriter, sewing machine,
all came of age during the 19th century.
IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE CENTURY

“Science based Industries” was raised or emerged

 The products produced in these industries would not

have existed without the knowledge generated by
scientific investigation.

 The most prominent of such industries were coal tar

dye manufacture and electrical power generation and
machinery.

 Also, during this century emerged the “Industrial

Research Laboratory”.
ONE OF EDISON’S GREATEST INVENTIONS WAS
MADE POSSIBLE BY AMONG OTHER THINGS HIS
SUCCESSFUL DEVELOPMENT OF THE SUITABLE
INCANDESCENT ELECTRIC LIGHT BULB.
19TH CENTURY ACHIEVEMENTS
IN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Steel;
Electricity;
Internalcombustion engine;
Telegraph and telephone;
Railroads;
SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY IN
THE TWENTIETH
CENTURY
THE GROWTH OF INDUSTRIAL
RESEARCH LABORATORIES
 The birth of the German coal-tar industry, the
industrial research laboratory, anticipated what was to
become an important facet of the science technology
relationship in the twentieth century.
 At least 139 research laboratories were established in
American industry before the turn of the century and
another 533 were established in 1918 (Rosenberg
Nathan and L.E. Birdzell Jr.)
 The facility of Bell Telephone Laboratories was the
direct descendent of Alexander Graham Bell’s
Laboratory in Boston in the 1870’s.
TECHNOLOGY
NOT COMPLETELY
DEPENDENT ON
SCIENCE
 The 20th century technological activity is much more
dependent upon scientific knowledge that ever before.
 Fundamental research in genetics, physics, and
chemistry has been crucial to the progress of genetic
engineering, nuclear power, and drug industries
 But this unprecedented dependence of technology on
science in the 20th century is easy to exaggerate.
 Because even today much technological activity
proceeds to successful conclusion in the absence of
thorough understanding of related underlying
scientific principles.
TECHNIC OR TECHNICAL SYSTEM

“ seat of pants”
 “trial and error” and
 Other systematic but nontheoretical bases.
EXAMPLE:

 The design of airplane propeller shapes in the decade

following World War I was carried out empirically
without a complete understanding of the underlying
fluid dynamic principles involved.
THE GROWING
INTERDEPENDENCE
OF TECHNOLOGY
AND SCIENCE
 Science and technology are interdependent
because they use each other to go with the way of
life. 
 Technology uses the life of science to make new
things and science uses the life of technology to
observe new things with those new instruments
and devices they use.