C3: Control of P and F: EEB 453: Power Generation & Control

C3: Control of P and F
EEB 453: Power Generation & Control

Dr. D. Setlhaolo
Layout
• Turbine Governor and its characteristics
Control Loops
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Dr D. Setlhaolo UBEEB
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• Division of Load between gens;
• P/F characteristics of an interconnected system
2
Introduction
• Deals with P & f control of the power system.
• Changes in P mainly affect the system f while changes in Q mainly
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depend on changes in |V|.
Thus, P & Q can be controlled separately.
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The 2 Major Control Loops in large Gens
• Automatic Load Frequency Control (ALFC) controls the P & hence f
• ALFC: Combining the individual blocks of. gen, load, prime mover and speed governing
system. Deals with the regulation of P output of the gen and its freq (speed).
• Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) regulates |V| & hence Q.

• AVR: Solid state electronic device for automatically maintaining generator output VT at a
set value. It is part of the alternators excitation system 3
Control Loops
• The 2 controls, along with the gen. and prime mover.
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4
Fig 1: Ps with ALFC & AVR
Control Loops
Interaction of the 2 control loops in a PS:
• AVR
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• Little interaction between the ALFC loop to the AVR loop.
• The AVR loop tends to be faster than the ALFC loop with time constants (of
the field winding in the excitation) are much smaller that in ALFC.
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• Single loop
• ALFC
• Not a single loop
• A fast primary loop responds to f changes and regulates the steam (water) flow via
the speed governor and control valves to match the P output with that of the load.
The time period is a few seconds. The f is controlled via the control of P, AGC.
• A slower secondary loop maintains fine f adjustment to maintain proper P
exchange with other interconnected networks via tie-lines. This loop does not
respond to fast load changes but instead focuses on changes, which lead to
frequency drifting over several minutes, Tie-line. 5
Control Loops …
• Since the AVR loop is much faster than the ALFC loop, the AVR dynamics settle
down before they affect the ALFC control loop.
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• Hence, cross-coupling between the controls can be neglected.
• With the growth of large interconnected systems, ALFC has gained importance in
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recent times.
The topic of maintaining the system frequency constant is commonly known as

AUTOMATIC LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL (ALFC) OR Turbine-governor control,
Automatic Generation Control (AGC)
6
Power & Freq. Control
• OF P & F CONTROL
AIM

• To maintain the desired gen’s Pout matching with the changing load in real time.
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• To assist in controlling the frequency of larger interconnections.
• To keep the net interchange power between pool members, at the predetermined
values.
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Turbine governor control
Is a component of the turbine control system that regulates speed in response to changing
load conditions. The governor output signal manipulates the position of a steam inlet
valve or nozzles which in turn regulates the steam flow to the turbine.
As the power drawn from them increases, the speed drops.
The in speed is non-linear but a governor mechanism is used to make the decrease in
speed linear with an increase in the power demand i.e. the governor is adjusted to
provide a slight drooping characteristic with increasing load. The speed droop (SD) of a 7
prime mover is defined by;
AGR
• For power sharing between a no. of gens connected to the system, the
governors are designed to permit the speed to drop as the load is
increased. This provides the droop speed-output characteristic as shown in
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Fig. 2.
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8
Fig 2: Speed-Droop characteristics
AGR
• speed regulation R is given by the slope of the speed-output characteristic
The
(1)
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Governor % speed regulation is defined as;
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(2)
: no-load speed
: Full load speed
: Nominal speed
9
AGR
To illustrate how the load is shared between two generators, consider 2
generators with droop characteristics as shown below.
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Fig 3: Droop of 2 interconnected generators 10
AGR
•
Let;
Initial frequency
The outputs of the two generators
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If the load increases by say, , the units slow down and the governors increase
the output until a common operating frequency is reached. The shared
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amount of picked by each gen depends on the regulation. Governor % speed
regulation is defined as;
(3)
(4)
(5)
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AGR
The output is shared in the inverse of their speed regulation.
The output of the speed governor is which is the difference between the set
power and the power which is given by the governor speed characteristic.
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(6)
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(7)
The hydraulic amplifier transforms the command into the gate/valve

. Assuming a time constant for the governor;
(8)
12
AGR
Complete ALFC block diagram;
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Fig 4: Block diagram of complete governor system
13
…
• Figure 4 shows the complete LFC for an isolated gen. supplying a
The
load.
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Since we are interested in the change in speed for change in load, the
transfer function
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can be obtained from a reduced block diagram;
14
Fig 5: Reduced block diagram of a governor system
AGC

(9)
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(10)
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We can re-write;
If we consider a step change in the load,
(11)
15
AGC
• steady state freq. deviation is given by the limit of As . This can be applied
The
by use of the final value thereon;
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(10)
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Now,
(11)
(12)
Steady state speed deviation depends on the governor speed regulation.

16
AGC
For
multiple number of gens, composite frequency-power characteristics
depends on the combined effect of the droops of all generator speed governors.
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Consider n generators with a composite load damping coefficient D, the ss
deviation after a load change is given as;
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(13)
The stiffness or frequency bias factor of the system, is given by;
(14)
: indicates the change in frequency that would occur for the change in the load.
NB** The p.u. speed deviation (p.u. frequency)
17
P& F Control
• Power and Frequency Control of;
•
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Single generator to load
• Generator with another generator in parallel
• Generator to infinite bus
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• Tie-line control
18
P& F Control: 1 Gen to Load
•• When
a sync. gen is operating alone, P & Q supplied by the gen will be the amount
demanded by the load attached to it.
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P & Q supplied cannot be controlled by the gen controls.
For any given P, the governor set points control the gens operating f and,
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• For any given Q, If controls the gens VT .
Example 1: Single Gen. to a load
Fig. shows a gen. supplying a load. A second load is to be connected in parallel with the
first one. The gen has a no-load frequency of 61.0Hz and a slope SP=1 MW/Hz. Load 1
consumes real power of 1000kW at 0.8 p.f. lag, while load 2 consumes P=800kW at 0.707
19
p.f. lag.
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20
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21
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SUMMARY:
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• P & Q supplied by the generator is the amount demanded by the
attached load.
• The governor set points of the gen. controls the frequency of the
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system.
22
P& F Control: Gen to Gen
What happens if a gen is paralleled with another generator of the same
size?
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 Basic constraint is that;
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and the same applies to the Q.
NB**
Here f of the system and P of a
given gen are not constrained to
be constant.
23
-• What
happens when the governor set
point of G2 are
- - Curve of G2 shifts
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Figure
13: Diag. of a Gen. in with
another gen.
Figure
14: Diag. of a Gen. in with another 24
gen. of higher governor set points
•• At
the original freq. , the power supplied by G1 & G2 will now be larger
than load demand so the system cannot continue to operate at the same
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f.
• There is only one f at which the sum of the 2 machines (PG1 + PG2) is
equal to the load.
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That frequency is higher than the original frequency and at that freq. G2
supplies more power than before and G1 supplies less power as shown in
Figure 14.
25
Examples…
Example 2
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Two gens supply a load, G1 has a no-load freq. of 61.5Hz and a slope
of Sp1 = 1MW=Hz. G2 has a no-load freq of 61Hz and a slope of
Sp2 = 1MW=Hz. The 2 gens supply a load f 2.5MW @ 0.8 pf lag.
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a) At what frequency is this system operating and how much power is
supplied by each generator? Draw the power house diagram.
b) Suppose an additional 1MW load is attached to this ps, what would

the new system frequency be and how much power would G1 and G2
supply now?
c) With the system in configuration (b), what will the system frequency be and gen
powers be if the governor set points on G2 are increased by 0.5Hz?
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Examples: Example 2
•
Solution
Power produced by the gens with a given slope and fnl.
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a) ,
Hence
OR
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Examples: Example 2…
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Figure 15: Resultant house diagram
28
Examples: Example Solution 2…
b)•
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Power sharing between the two gens changed.
c) If the no-load governor set points of G2 by 0.5Hz.
Power sharing matched, 29

and
•
SUMMARY
When 2 gens of similar size are operating in parallel;
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A change in the governor set points of one of them changes both the system freq. and the power
sharing. (Normally only 1 is adjusted at a time)
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An increase occurs in the power supplied by the gen whose set points are " while reducing the
power supplied by the other.
Case 1 How can the power sharing of the p.s. be adjusted independently of the system freq and vice-versa?
NB** in governor set points on one gen that machines and

&
in governor set points on the other gen that machines and .

30
Hence To adjust power sharing without changing the system governor set points of one gen and
simultaneously
Case 1: Changing the power sharing while maintaining the system frequency
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31
Figure 16: House diag. of maintaining while changing power
Sharing

• 2: Similarly to adjust without changing power sharing,
Case
simultaneously
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or both set points. ) to change the frequency without changing the power
sharing, ref. Fig 17.
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Figure 17: House diag. of maintaining power sharing while changing
• gens should have
Why
If e.g. 2 gens in parallel have at or nearly at characteristics, then the power

sharing between them can vary widely with only the smallest changes in no-load
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speed, see Fig 18.
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33
Figure 18: A small change in in one of the gens would cause wild shifts
in power sharing.
Exercise
One area of an interconnected 60Hz power system has 3 turbine-generator

units rated 1000, 750 and 500MVA, respectively. The regulation constant of
each unit is R=0.05 p.u based on its own rating.
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Each unit is initially operating at its half of its own rating when the
system load suddenly increases by 200MW.
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Determine;
a) The p.u. area frequency response characteristic on a 1000MVA system
base.
b) The steady state drop in area frequency.
c) The increase in turbine mechanical power output of each unit.

Assume that the reference power setting of each turbine-gen unit remains 34
constant. Neglect losses and the dependence of load on frequency.

C3: Control of P and F: EEB 453: Power Generation & Control

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C3: Control of P and F

EEB 453: Power Generation & Control

• P/F characteristics of an interconnected system

Thus, P & Q can be controlled separately.

• Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) regulates |V| & hence Q.

The topic of maintaining the system frequency constant is commonly known as

As the power drawn from them increases, the speed drops.

The hydraulic amplifier transforms the command into the gate/valve

If we consider a step change in the load,

Steady state speed deviation depends on the governor speed regulation.

Example 1: Single Gen. to a load

b) Suppose an additional 1MW load is attached to this ps, what would

c) If the no-load governor set points of G2 by 0.5Hz.

Power sharing matched, 29

When 2 gens of similar size are operating in parallel;

NB** in governor set points on one gen that machines and

in governor set points on the other gen that machines and .

If e.g. 2 gens in parallel have at or nearly at characteristics, then the power

One area of an interconnected 60Hz power system has 3 turbine-generator

b) The steady state drop in area frequency.

c) The increase in turbine mechanical power output of each unit.

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