KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, Belagavi.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

SEMINAR ON,
“F DISTRIBUTION”
PRESENTED BY,

PREETI K. BHANDI
USN: GIT20SCS007-T

From
Master of Technology in Computer Science and Engineering

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF,

DR. SUNIL F. RODD

GOGTE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BELGAVI

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2020-2021

 ABSTRACT
 
In statistics, you have to determine if the pattern you identify in the data is
significantly different from one pattern at all. There are a bunch of ways to do this,
but the most common is the use of probability functions. Probability functions
permit you to determine the chance that your model is different. Among the several
probability functions, the F-distribution rises to the top a lot. Let’s take a glance at
the F-distribution.
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
SL.NO CONTENTS SLIDE NO

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 LITERATURE SURVEY 4

3 F-DISTRIBUTION METHOD 5

4 APPILCATIONS 9

5 CONCLUSION 10

6 REFERENCES
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 What is the F-distribution?

A probability distribution, like the normal distribution, is means of determining the probability of a

set of events occurring. This is true for the F-distribution as well.

The F-distribution is a skewed distribution of probabilities similar to a chi-squared distribution. But

where the chi-squared distribution deals with the degree of freedom with one set of variables, the F-
distribution deals with multiple levels of events having different degrees of freedom. This means that
there are several versions of the F-distribution for differing levels of degrees of freedom

1
Each curve represents different degrees of freedom. This
means that the area required for the test to be significant is
different. If you are feeling mathematically adventurous,
the actual equation for the F-distribution curve is

Since degrees of freedom are in the equation, it is pretty easy to

see that the curve changes as the degrees of freedom change.

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1.2 Introduction to the founder of F-distribution:
R. A. Fisher:

Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher, byname R.A. Fisher, (born February 17, 1890, London, England—died July 29,
1962, Adelaide, Australia), British statistician and geneticist who pioneered the application of statistical
procedures to the design of scientific experiments. To biologists, he was an architect of the "modern
synthesis" that used mathematical models to integrate Mendelian genetics with Darwin's selection theories.
To psychologists, Fisher was the inventor of various statistical tests that are still supposed to be used
whenever possible in psychology journals.

George Waddel Snedecor:

George Waddel Snedecor (October 20, 1881 – February 15,

1974) was an American mathematician and statistician. He
contributed to the foundations of analysis of variance, 
data analysis, experimental design, and statistical methodology. 
Snedecor's F-distribution and the George W. Snedecor Award of
the American Statistical Association are named after him.
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SL.N TITLE
O
1 F-Distribution
2 The Fisher–Snedecor F
Distribution: A Simple and
Accurate Composite Fading
Model
3 Bivariate Fisher–Snedecor
F Distribution and Its
Applications in Wireless
Communication Systems
4 The Fischer-Snedecor F-
distribution Model for
Turbulence-Induced Fading
in Free-Space Optical Systems
CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE SURVEY
CONTENT
The statistic F is defined to be the ratio of two independent
chi-squared random variables, each divided by its number of
degrees of freedom.
We consider the use of the Fisher–Snedecor
F distribution, which is defined as the ratio
of two chi-squared variates, to model
composite fading channels
In this paper, we present a bivariate Fisher–
Snedecor F distribution with identical shaping
parameters and study its applications in wireless
communication systems.
The proposed model is a two-parameter
distribution, defined as the ratio of two
independent gamma random variables.
AUTHOR
Walpole, m. (n.d.). probability and
statistics (2nd ed.). tata MCGraw
Hill.
Yoo, S.K., Cotton, S.L., Sofotasios, P.C.,
Matthaiou, M., Valkama, M. and
Karagiannidis, G.K., 2017. The Fisher–
Snedecor $\mathcal {F} $ Distribution:
Cheng, Weijun, and Xiaoting Wang.
"Bivariate Fisher–Snedecor F Distribution
and its Applications in Wireless
Communication Systems." IEEE Access 8
(2020): 146342-146360.
Peppas, K.P., Alexandropoulos, G.C.,
Xenos, E.D. and Maras, A., 2019. The
Fischer–Snedecor $\mathcal {F} $-
Distribution Model for Turbulence-
Induced Fading in Free-Space Optical
Systems. Journal of Lightwave 4
Technology, 38(6), pp.1286-1295.
 CHAPTER-3
F-DISTRIBUTION METHOD

The F-distribution is a continuous probability distribution, which means that it is defined for an infinite number of different
values. The F-distribution can be used for several types of applications, including testing hypotheses about the equality of
two population variances and testing the validity of a multiple regression equation.

3.1 Characteristics of F-distribution:

1. The curve is not symmetrical but skewed to the right.

2. There is a different curve for each set of degrees of freedom.

3. The F statistic is greater than or equal to zero.

4. As the degrees of freedom for the numerator and for the denominator get larger, the curve approximates the normal as can
be seen in the two figures below. Figure (b) with more degrees of freedom is more closely approaching the normal
distribution, But remember that the F cannot ever be less than zero so the distribution does not have a tail that goes to
infinity on the left as the normal distribution does.
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5. Other uses for the F distribution include comparing two variances and two-way Analysis of Variance.
3.2 STEPS OF F-DISTRIBUTION:

 Step 1: Firstly, frame the null and alternate hypothesis. The null hypothesis assumes that the variances are
equal. H0: σ12 = σ22. The alternate hypothesis states that the variances are unequal. H1: σ12 ≠  σ22. Here σ12 and
σ22 are the symbols for variances.

 Step 2: Calculate the test statistic (F distribution). i.e., = σ12  / σ22, Where σ12  is assumed to be larger sample
variance, and σ22 is the smaller sample variance

 Step 3: Calculate the degrees of freedom. Degree of freedom (df1) = n1 – 1 and Degree of freedom (df2) = n2 –
1 where n1 and n2 are the sample sizes
 Step 4:  Look at the F value in the F table. For two-tailed tests, divide the alpha by 2 for finding the right
critical value. Thus, the F value is found, looking at the degrees of freedom in the numerator and the
denominator in the F table. Df1 is read across in the top row. Df2 is read down the first column.
 Step 5: Compare the F statistic obtained in Step 2 with the critical value obtained in Step 4. If the F statistic is
greater than the critical value at the required level of significance, we reject the null hypothesis. If the F
statistic obtained in Step 2 is less than the critical value at the required level of significance, we cannot reject
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the null hypothesis.
3.3 Example
The bank has a Head Office in Delhi and a branch in Mumbai. There are long
customer queues at one office, while customer queues are short at the other
office. The Operations Manager of the bank wonders if the customers at one
branch are more variable than the number of customers at another branch. A
research study of customers is carried out by him.

The variance of Delhi Head Office customers is 31, and that for the Mumbai
branch is 20. The sample size for Delhi Head Office is 11, and that for the
Mumbai branch is 21. Carry out a two-tailed F-test with a level of significance of
10%.

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Solution:

 Step 1:  Null Hypothesis H0: σ12 = σ22

Alternate Hypothesis Ha: σ12 ≠  σ22

 Step 2: F statistic = F Value = σ12  / σ22 = 31/20 = 1.55

 Step 3: df1 = n1 – 1 = 11-1 = 10
df2 =  n2 – 1 = 21-1 = 20

 Step 4: Since it is a two-tailed test, alpha level = 0.10/2 = 0.05. The F value
from the F Table with degrees of freedom as 10 and 20 is 2.348.
• Step 5: Since the F statistic (1.55) is lesser than the table value obtained 8
(2.348), we cannot reject the null hypothesis
 CHAPTER-4
APPLICATIONS OF F-DISTRIBUTION
Relevance and Uses:
 F-Test formula can be used in a wide variety of settings. F-Test is used to test
the hypothesis that the variances of two populations are equal.

 Secondly, it is used for testing the hypothesis that the means of given
populations that are normally distributed, having the same standard deviation,
are equal. Thirdly, it is used to test the hypothesis that a proposed regression
 model fits the data well.

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 CHAPTER-5
CONCLUSION
 

The F-distribution is a method of obtaining the probabilities of specific sets of events

occurring. The F-statistic is often used to assess the significant difference of a theoretical
model of the data. The F-distribution can be used for several types of applications, including
testing hypotheses about the equality of two population variances and testing the validity of a
multiple regression equation.

10
 References
• Walpole, m. (n.d.). probability and statistics (2nd ed.). tata MCGraw Hill.

 Yoo, S.K., Cotton, S.L., Sofotasios, P.C., Matthaiou, M., Valkama, M. and Karagiannidis, G.K., 2017. The
Fisher–Snedecor $\mathcal {F} $ Distribution: A Simple and Accurate Composite Fading Model. IEEE
Communications Letters, 21(7), pp.1661-1664.
 
 Cheng, Weijun, and Xiaoting Wang. "Bivariate Fisher–Snedecor F Distribution and its Applications in
Wireless Communication Systems." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 146342-146360.
 
 Peppas, K.P., Alexandropoulos, G.C., Xenos, E.D. and Maras, A., 2019. The Fischer–Snedecor $\mathcal
{F} $-Distribution Model for Turbulence-Induced Fading in Free-Space Optical Systems. Journal of
Lightwave Technology, 38(6), pp.1286-1295.

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THANK YOU