Follow an email message through the

OSI Reference Model. How does it

get from the Source Host to the
Destination Host?
 The OSI Reference Model

Application All Application

Presentation Pizzas Presentation

Session Seem Session

Transport To Transport

Network Need Network

Data Link Double Data Link

Physical Pepperoni Physical

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Source Email Client Destination Mail Server

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 Email Client Program
• User creates an email message, and clicks
the SEND button.
• The email program uses an API
(Application Programming Interface) call to
hand the message to the Application Layer
for processing, packaging, and transmission
over the network.

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Source Email Client Destination Mail Server

Application

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Application Layer Encapsulation
• Provides network services to user
applications.
• For example, uses the SMTP Protocol to
start packaging your email message.
• After adding SMTP header, hands it down
to the Presentation Layer for more work.

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Source Email Client Destination Mail Server

Application

Presentation

7
Presentation Layer Encapsulation
• Translates data from an application-specific
format to a network format that the
following layers can handle, if necessary.
• Character encoding, encryption, and
compression, if necessary.

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Source Email Client Destination Mail Server

Application

Presentation

Session

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 Session Layer Encapsulation
• Adds header data to establish, maintain and
end sessions, known as dialog separation.
• Manages two-way alternate or two-way
simultaneous communication, known as
dialog control.
• Hands the data to the next protocol (TCP or
UDP).

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Source Email Client Destination Mail Server

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

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 Transport Layer Encapsulation
• Separates the communication into
segments, like railroad cars in a long train.
• If TCP, numbers the segments for
reassembly at the other end.
• Provides flow-control and error checking
capabilities through 3-way handshake and
windowing.
• Hands the segments to the IP protocol.
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Source Email Client Destination Mail Server

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

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 Network Layer Encapsulation
• Converts the segments to packets, adding
logical addressing (the IP address).
• Gives routers along the way the header
information they need to make logical path
decisions for best-effort delivery.
• Hands the packet to the Data Link Layer for
further processing.

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Source Email Client Destination Mail Server

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

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 Data Link Layer Encapsulation
• Converts packets to frames specific for the
network technology in use (Ethernet, Token
Ring, FDDI, etc.).
• Stamps frames with the physical address
(MAC address) necessary for delivery.
• Hands it to the Physical Layer (NIC
Transceiver and beyond) for conversion to
bits and transmission.

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Source Email Client Destination Mail Server

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical
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 Physical Layer Transmission
• The frames are converted to bits (electrical
pulses, magnetic or light waves) appropriate
for the network technology by the NIC
Transceiver.
• The bits are placed on the medium and
move across the medium to their
destination.

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Source Email Client Destination Mail Server

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link
Peer-to-Peer Communication
Physical Physical
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 Physical Layer Reception
• The bits are detected by the destination
NIC, which reverses the actions of the
source host Physical Layer.
• The NIC Transceiver hands the stream of
bits up to the Data Link Layer as frames, in
a manner appropriate for the network
technology (Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI,
etc.).
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Source Email Client Destination Mail Server

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network
Peer-to-Peer Communication
Data Link Data Link
Peer-to-Peer Communication
Physical Physical
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 Data Link Layer Decapsulation
• Removes the Data Link headers and trailers
from the frames.
• Reverses the actions of the source Data
Link Layer, converting the frames back into
packets and handing them up to the
Network Layer and the IP Protocol.

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Source Email Client Destination Mail Server

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport
Peer-to-Peer Communication
Network Network
Peer-to-Peer Communication
Data Link Data Link
Peer-to-Peer Communication
Physical Physical
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 Network Layer Decapsulation
• Strips off the IP header and trailer,
reversing the actions of the source Network
Layer.
• Converts the packets back into segments
and hands them up to either the TCP
Protocol (connection-oriented) or the UDP
Protocol (connectionless)

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Source Email Client Destination Mail Server

Application

Presentation

Session
Peer-to-Peer Communication
Transport Transport
Peer-to-Peer Communication
Network Network
Peer-to-Peer Communication
Data Link Data Link
Peer-to-Peer Communication
Physical Physical
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 Transport Layer Decapsulation
• Reassembles segments into data, reversing
the actions of the source Transport Layer.
• If TCP is being used and any segments are
missing, requests retransmission from the
source host Transport Layer
• Removes the TCP/UDP headers and trailers
and hands the data up to the Session Layer.

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Source Email Client Destination Mail Server

Application

Presentation
Peer-to-Peer Communication
Session Session
Peer-to-Peer Communication
Transport Transport
Peer-to-Peer Communication
Network Network
Peer-to-Peer Communication
Data Link Data Link
Peer-to-Peer Communication
Physical Physical
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 Session Layer Decapsulation
• Reacts to Session Header instructions sent
by the Source Host.
• Executes dialog separation instructions for
session initiation, management and
termination.
• Executes dialog control instructions for
two-way alternate or simultaneous
communication.

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Source Email Client Destination Mail Server

Application
Peer-to-Peer Communication
Presentation Presentation
Peer-to-Peer Communication
Session Session
Peer-to-Peer Communication
Transport Transport
Peer-to-Peer Communication
Network Network
Peer-to-Peer Communication
Data Link Data Link
Peer-to-Peer Communication
Physical Physical
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Presentation Layer Decapsulation
• Reverses the actions of the source
Presentation Layer, converting the data
from network format to application format.
• Decodes, decrypts, decompresses.
• Hands the data to the Application Layer.

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Source Email Client Destination Mail Server

Peer-to-Peer Communication
Application Application
Peer-to-Peer Communication
Presentation Presentation
Peer-to-Peer Communication
Session Session
Peer-to-Peer Communication
Transport Transport
Peer-to-Peer Communication
Network Network
Peer-to-Peer Communication
Data Link Data Link
Peer-to-Peer Communication
Physical Physical
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Application Layer Decapsulation
• Reversal of the actions performed by the
source Application Layer.
• Uses its “hooks” into applications to hand
the data to the appropriate user process.

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Source Email Client Destination Mail Server

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 What Next?
• Read Chapter 2 in the on-line curriculum
today and tomorrow, completing the
Chapter 2 Vocabulary Exercise Worksheet.
• For homework today, Chapter 2 Focus
Questions Worksheet.
• For homework tomorrow, Chapter 2 CCNA
Exam Review Questions Worksheet.
• This is the foundation for the entire year!
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