Pre-university

mathematics
 Content of this chapter
1 Complex Numbers

2 Polynomials

3 The Rectangular Coordinate System

4 Functions and Their Graphs

5 The Modulus Function

6 Inequalities and Absolute Values

7 Operations on Functions

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 Content of this chapter

8 Trigonometric Functions

9 Inverse Function

10 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

11 Parametric Equations

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 0.1
Complex Numbers

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 Extending the Number System
 Operations with Complex Numbers
 Solving Equations
 Geomtric Representations
 The Modulus
 Equations with Complex Coefficients

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1. Extending the Number System

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There is a problem with real numbers, that square roots only exist for
positive numbers and zero. That is, if a<0, there is no real number x such
that x2=a.
The problem can be solved by introducing just one new number, usually
denoted by i, whose square is -1. This number combines with the real
numbers by the usual rules of algebra, this creates a whole new system of
numbers.

The complex numbers consist of numbers of the form a+bi, where a and b
are real numbers and i2=-1.

Complex numbers of the form a+0i are called real numbers;

complex numbers of the form 0+bi are called imaginary numbers.

In a general complex number a+bi, a is called the real part and b the
imaginary part. This is written Re(a+bi)=a, Im(a+bi)=b.

The relations > and < cannot be used to compare pairs of complex numbers.

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2. Operations with Complex Numbers

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Exercises

1. If (2+i)(x+yi)=1+3i, where x and y are real numbers, solve this equation for x
and y.

2. Evaluating the following:

1 1
(a) Re(2+i) 2
(b) Im(3-i) 2
(c) Re( 1  i ) (d) Im( i )

3. If s=a+bi and t=c+di are complex numbers, which of the following are always
true?

(a) Re(s)+Re(t)=Re(s+t) (b) Re(3s)=3Re(s) (c) Re(is)=Im(s)

Im( s) s
(d) Im(is)=Re(s) (e) Re(s)×Re(t)=Re(st) (f)  Im( )
Im(t ) t

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3. Solving Equations

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Pairs of numbers z=x+yi and z*=x-yi are called conjugate complex numbers.

z+z*=2x and zz*=x2+y2 are real numbers, and their difference z-z*=2yi is an
imaginary number.

Example Solve the quadratic equation z2+4z+13=0

1. If a quadratic equation with real coefficients has two complex roots, these
roots are conjugate.

2. Some outcomes: If s and t are complex numbers, then


s s
(a) (s±t)*=s*±t* (b) (st)*=s*t* (c)    
t t
(d) (zn)*=(z*)n

3. If p(z) is a polynomial with real coefficients, then p(z*)=(p(z))*.

4. If s is a non-real root of the equation p(z)=0, then s* is also a root.

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Example Find all the roots of the equation z4+4=0

Example Solve the equation z5-6z3-2z2+17z-10=0

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Exercises

1. Solve these pairs of simultaneous equations for the complex numbers z and
w.
(a) (1+i)z+(2-i)w=3+4i, iz+(3+i)w=-1+5i
(b) 5z-(3+i)w=7-i, (2-i)z+2i)=-1+i

2. Solve the following quadratic equations, giving answers in the form a+bi,
where a and b are real numbers.
(a) z2+9=0 (b) z2+4z+5=0 (c) z2-6z+5=0 (d) 2z2+2z+13=0

3. Write the following polynomials as products of linear factors.

(a) z2+25 (b) 9z2-6z+5 (c) 4z2+12z+13 (d) z4-16
(e) z4-8z2-9 (f) z3+z-10 (g) z3-3z2+z+5 (d) z4-z2-2z+2

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4. Geomtric Representations

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5. The Modulus

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Important properties of the modulus:
s s
(a) st  s t (b) 
t t
(c) st  s  t (d) s t  s  t

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6. Equations with Complex Coefficients

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Example Find the square roots of (a) 8i, (b)3-4i.

Example Solve the quadratic equation (2-i)z2+(4+3i)z+(-1+3i)=0.

Every polynomial equation of degree n has n roots.

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Exercises

1. Find the square roots of (a) -2i, (b) -3+4i, (c) 5+12i, (d) 8-6i.

2. Solve the following quadratic equations.

(a) z2+z+(1-i)=0 (b) z2+(1-i)z+(-6+2i)=0
(c) z2+4z+(4+2i)=0 (d) (1+i)z2+2iz+4i=0
(d) (2-i)z2+(3+i)z-5=0

3. Find the fourth roots of (a) -64, (b) 7+24i.

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