What is OHS?

• Occupational health and safety (OHS) relates to

health, safety, and welfare issues in the workplace.

• OHS includes the laws, standards, and programs that

are aimed at making the workplace better for
workers, along with co-workers, family members,
customers, and other stakeholders.

• Improving a company's occupational health and safety

standards ensures good business, a better brand
image, and higher employee morale
• Occupational health and safety is concerned with addressing
many types of workplace hazards, such as:
Chemicals
Physical hazards
Biological agents
Psychological fallout
Ergonomic issues
Accidents

• Occupational health and safety standards are in place to mandate

the removal, reduction, or replacement of job site hazards. OHS
programs should also include material that helps minimize the
effects of the hazards.
• Employers and company management are obliged to
provide a safe working environment for all of their
employees.

Republic Act No. 11058

AN ACT STRENGTHENING COMPLIANCE WITH

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS AND
PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS THEREOF.
 A Brief History of Occupational Health and Safety
• In the United States, occupational health and safety truly begin in 1970,
with the passing of the Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act.

• The goal of this law was simple: to improve safety and guarantee safer
working conditions for all workers, regardless of their job or industry. As
such, the law addressed issues related to known health and safety hazards,
such as unsanitary conditions, cold and heat stress, and environmental
toxins.

• The Act also established the Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) to pass health and safety standards, as well as the National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) to act as a research body on
OSHA’s behalf under the umbrella of the Centers for Disease Control.
 Establishment of OSHA and the First Standards
• On April 28, 1971, OSHA was officially established as the
federal body responsible for worker health and safety.

• The first standards were issued five months after OSHA’s

establishment.

• These standards are the ones that all current standards are
built on. They established baseline health and safety
regulations for businesses to follow, guiding employer
responsibilities and reporting protocols.
• In 1972, OSHA established the OSHA Training Institute.

• The OSHA Training Institute provides training and

education in occupational safety and health for federal
and state compliance officers, state consultants, other
federal agency personnel, and the private sector.
Assessment:
1. What is the meaning of OHS?
2. Act number of OHS?
3. What are the types of workplace hazard?
4. In what country the OHS begin?
5. Date when OHSA officially establish.
6. It provides training and education in occupational safety and health
for federal and state compliance officers, state consultants, other
federal agency personnel, and the private sector.
7. What is OHSA ?
8. What is NIOSH ?
9. It relates to health, safety, and welfare issues in the workplace.
10.What is the full name of your trainer?
Personnel & Material Safety

• Hierarchy of Hazards Controls

• Personal Protective Equipment
• First Aid
Hierarchy of Hazards
Controls
• Controlling exposures to occupational hazards is
the fundamental method of protecting workers.
Traditionally, a hierarchy of controls has been
used as a means of determining how to
implement feasible and effective control
solutions.
One representation of this hierarchy is as follows:
Elimination
 Elimination is the most effective way to prevent harm. If a
hazard is eliminated from a workplace, it cannot cause harm.
While effective, elimination is also the most difficult to
implement because, in many cases, it is impossible to
separate work from hazards.

The simplest way to implement the elimination safety control

step is to identify workplace hazards and remove them.
Elimination does not only mean removal from your business
premises. It can also mean isolating hazards from workers, so
workers have no contact with the hazards.
Substitution
If removing a hazard is not an option, substitution may
be a possibility. In this step, NIOSH recommends
finding safer alternatives to existing hazards. For
example, safe cutting tools in place of dangerously
sharp blades lowers the risk on a cutting activity.
Alternatives could also mean substituting dangerous
materials for safer ones or substituting dangerous
work practices for safer ones. Substitution helps to
strike compromises in cases where elimination is not
an option.
Engineering Controls

 Engineering controls use engineered measures to

isolate hazards. In cases where elimination and
substitution are not possible, a company can choose
to build structures like barriers to separate hazards
from workers. Engineering controls function as
stopgap measures, offering short-term benefits for a
long-term problem. But sometimes, they’re the best
you can do.
Administrative Control

Administrative controls shift focus from the hazard to

managing the human element involved in risk. For any hazard
to cause harm, a worker must complete an action. The method
of completion determines the level of risk the worker faces
from the hazard. Administrative safety control puts measures
in place that ensure that all actions taken focus on reducing
risk.
Training and awareness are the focus of administrative
safety controls. Ensuring workers understand hazards
and associated risks is an essential step in enforcing
workplace safety. Training may include safety training
or technical training, with the latter intended to
minimize operation-based mistakes.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
 PPE can be considered the last line of measures in a
hierarchy of controls in occupational health and safety.
This step intends to protect workers in scenarios where a
company has not or cannot implement the other steps
fully. PPE includes safety apparel and equipment like dust
masks, coveralls, gloves, HAZMAT suits, and others.
 PPE implementation means providing safety gear
and equipment optimized for existing hazards. If
workers work in a lab, for example, full-body suits
can protect from lab hazards. PPE is considered
the least effective safety step because safety gear
and equipment can fail, leaving the worker fully
exposed to the hazard.
Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System
Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE)
Personal protective equipment,
commonly referred to as "PPE", is
equipment worn to minimize exposure
to hazards that cause serious
workplace injuries and illnesses. These
injuries and illnesses may result from
contact with chemical, radiological,
physical, electrical, mechanical, or
other workplace hazards.
What can be done to ensure proper use of personal
protective equipment?

All personal protective equipment should be safely

designed and constructed, and should be maintained in a
clean and reliable fashion.

It should fit comfortably, encouraging worker use.

When engineering, work practice, and administrative

controls are not feasible or do not provide sufficient
protection, employers must provide personal protective
equipment to their workers and ensure its proper use.
Types of Personal Protective Equipment

1. Head protection
•Hard hats
•Helmets
•Bump Caps
•Guards
•Accessories
2. Hand protection
•Work gloves
•Chemical Hazard
•Mechanical Hazard
•Specialist Hand
Protection
•Thermal Hazard
3. Eye and face protection
•Safety glasses
•Eye shields
•Over specs
•Eye wear accessories
•Face shields
•Visors
•Safety goggles
4. Protective clothing
•Chemical
•Hi-visibility clothing
•FE clothing
•Weather wear
•Work wear
5. Foot protection
•Safety footwear
•Food Industry
•Footwear
•ESD Footwear
6. Hearing protection (covered by
specific Regulations)
•Ear defenders
•Ear plugs
•Communications sets
•Noise meters
•Acoustic foam
7. Fall management
equipment
•Safety harnesses
•Fall arresters
•Elbow and wrist supports
•Back supports
First Aid
 What is First Aid
First Aid refers to medical attention that is usually
administered immediate after the injury occurs and at
the location where it occurred. It often consist of a one-
time, short-term treatment and requires little technology
or training to administer. Frist Aid can include cleaning
minors cuts, scrapes, or scratches; treating a minor burn;
applying bandages & dressings; the use of non-
prescription medicine; draining blisters; removing debris
from the eyes; massage; and drinking fluids to relieve
heat stress.
First Aid has the following main objectives:

To preserve life

To prevent the victim’s condition from
worsening.
To promote recovery.
1. Fall Protection
2. Hazard communication
standard
3. Scaffolding
4. Respiratory protection
5. Control of hazardous energy
6. Ladder
7. Powered Industrial Trucks
8. Machinery & Machine
Guarding
9. Fall Protection dissemination
10. Electrical
Electrical Shock
The danger from an electrical shock depends on the
type of current, how high the voltage is, how the current
traveled through the body, the person’s overall health and
how quickly the person is treated.

An electrical shock may cause burns, or it may leave no

visible mark on the skin. In either case, an electrical
current passing through the body can cause internal
damage, cardiac arrest or other injury. Under certain
circumstances, even a small amount of electricity can be
fatal.
When to contact your doctor?
A person who has been injured by contact with
electricity should be seen by a doctor.
Caution:
• Don’t touch the injured person if he or she is still in
contact with the electrical current.
• Call emergency number if the source of the burn is a high
voltage wire or lightning. Don’t get near high-voltage wire
until the power is turned-off. Overhead power lines usually
aren’t insulated . Stay at least 20 feet (about 6 meters)
away – farther if wires are jumping & sparking.
• Don’t move a person with an electrical injury unless
he or she is in immediate danger.
When to seek emergency care?
Call emergency number if the injured person
experiences:
• Severe burns
• Confusion
• Difficulty in breathing
If you encounter this:
Heart rhythm problems (arrhythmias)
Cardiac arrest
Muscle pain and contractions
Seizures
Loss of consciousness
Take these actions immediately waiting for
medical help:
• Turn off the source of electricity, if possible. If
not, move the source away from you and the
person, using a dry, non-conducting object
made of cardboard, plastic or wood.
• Begin CPR if the person shows no sign of
circulation, such as breathing, coughing or
movement.
• Try to prevent the injured person from
becoming chilled.
• Apply a bandage. Cover any burned areas with a
sterile gauze bandage, if available, or a clean cloth.
Don’t use a blanket or towel, because loose fibers
can stick to the burns.
Bleeding Cuts or Wounds
Call emergency number if:
• Bleeding is severe
• You suspects internal bleeding
• There is an abdominal or chest wound
• Bleeding can’t be stopped after 10 minutes of
firm and steady pressure.
• Blood spurts out of the wound
1. Stop Bleeding
• Apply direct pressure on the cut or wound with
a clean cloth, tissue, or piece of gauze until
bleeding stops.
• If blood soaks through the material, don’t
remove it. Put more cloth or gauze on top of it
and continue to apply pressure.
• If the wound is on the arm or leg, raise limb
above the heart, if possible, to help slow
bleeding.
• Wash your hands again after giving first aid and
before cleaning and dressing the wound.
• Do not apply a tourniquet unless the bleeding is
severe and not stopped with direct pressure.
2. Clean Cut or Wound
• Gently clean with soap and warm water. Try to
rinse soap out of wound to prevent irritation.
• Don’t use hydrogen peroxide or iodine, which
can damage tissue.
3. Protect the Wound
• Apply antibiotic cream to reduce risk of infection
and cover with a sterile bandage.
• Change the bandage daily to keep the wound
clean and dry.
Burns and Scalds
• Burns & scalds are damage to the skin caused by
heat. Both are treated in the same way.
• A burn is caused by dry heat – by an iron or fire,
for example. A scald is caused by something wet,
such as hot water or steam.
Burns can be very painful and may cause:
• Red or peeling skin
• Blisters
• Swelling
• White or charred skin
The amount of pain you feel isn’t always
related to how serious the burn is. Even a very
serious burn may be relatively painless.
Treating Burns & Scalds
• Immediately get the person away from the heat
source to stop the burning.
• Cool the burn with lukewarm running water for
20 minutes – don’t use ice, iced water, or any
creams or greasy substances such as butter.
Assessment:
1. Enumerate the hierarchy of controls. (5pts.)
2. Different types of PPE’s. (7pts.)
3. What is the most effective way to prevent harm? Why? (2pts.)
4. First aid when you encounter bleeding cuts or wounds. (3pts.)
5. What is First Aid? (3pts.)