ARCHITECTURAL

ILLUMINATION
Basic terminology
Quantity and Quality of light
Light sources
• Daylight
• Artificial light
 Incandescent lamp
 Halogen lamp
 Fluorescent lamp
 ILLUMINATION IN ARCHITECTURE

Good illumination or lighting is necessary for all buildings and has three
primary aims.

• To promote work and other activities carried out within the building;
• To promote the safety of the people using the building
• To create, in conjunction with the structure and decoration, a pleasing
environment conducive to interest of the occupants and a sense of their
well-being.
The aesthetics, usability and desirability of a structure or place can be
increased by good illumination design.
 BASIC TERMINOLOGY AND
DEFINITIONS
In illumination, four main units are used to describe light and its effects
1.Luminous flux
2.Luminous intensity
3.Illuminance
4.Luminance
Luminous flux :
• It is the quantity of light emitted by a light source per unit time(second).
• It is measured in lumens and is represented by symbol - Φ. Unit – 𝑙𝑚.
• It specifies total amount of light emitted by a lamp.
Examples:
75W incandescent lamp 900lm
39W fluorescent lamp 3500lm
250W high pressure sodium lamp 30,000lm
2000W metal handle lamp 200,000lm
Typically, a 100W incandescent bulb used for an office space with
ceiling panels for lighting would produce an output of 1600 lumens.
Wattage or watts
Is the measurement of the power required to operate a light fixture (luminaire) or the energy efficiency of lighting.

Luminous efficacy
• Luminous efficacy, defined as the rate at which a light fitting or light source can convert power (watts) to light (lumens), is
measured in lumens per watt (LPW).
or
• It is the ratio between the luminous flux of a lamp and power consumed in lamp.
• It is actually the measure of how energy-efficient light can be produced.
• Formula: 𝐾 = Φ
𝑃
• Represented by symbol - 𝐾.
• Unit – 𝑙𝑚/𝑊.
• Higher the lamp efficacy, greater energy efficient the lamp source

Typically, a T8 fluorescent lamp or 32W T5 used for an office space with ceiling lights would produce 50 lumens/watt.
Luminous intensity
• It is the quantity of light emitted per second in specified direction from a point
source.
• It is measured in candela. Unit – 𝑐𝑑.
• It is also the luminous flux in a specified direction radiated per unit of solid
angle omega(𝜔).
• A solid angle can be best described as the opening angle of a cone. Therefore,
intensity is the luminous flux contained in an infinitely small cone divided by the
solid angle of that cone.
Illuminance

• It is the number of lumens or luminous flux falling

on the surface per unit square area.
• It is represented by equation: 𝐸 = Φ 𝐴
• E – Illuminance, Φ – luminous flux, and A – area at
which light will fall over.
• Unit – lux. 
 Luminance 

• It is the measure of the luminous intensity emitted per unit

area of that surface in a specific direction.
• It describes the amount of light that passes through or is
emitted from a particular area.
• Unit - candela per square meter ( 𝑐𝑑 𝑚2).
 ILLUMINANCE AND LUMINANCE RELATIONSHIP 

• In the case of light emitting surface, the luminous intensity that the surface emits is
usually not known. But very often, the illuminance on the surfaces is.
• Illuminance is independent of the type of surface. It doesn’t matter if it’s a wall, desk
or table top. It only depends on the amount of light falling on that surface.
• For perfectly diffusing surface, a relationship exists between the illuminance on the
surface, the surface reflectance and the luminance of the surface.
• Reflectance refers to the fraction of incident light that is reflected from a surface
 QUANTITY OF
ILLUMINATION
Quantity is simply a measure of how much light we have in the scene.

Light Output

The most common measure of light output (or luminous flux) is the lumen. Light sources are labeled with an output rating in lumens.
For example, a T12 40-watt fluorescent lamp may have a rating of 3050 lumens. Similarly, a light fixture's output can be expressed in
lumens. As lamps and fixtures age and become dirty, their lumen output decreases (i.e., lumen depreciation occurs). Most lamp ratings
are based on initial lumens (i.e., when the lamp is new). As reference, a 100-watt incandescent lamp emits about 1600 lumens.

Light Level
Light intensity measured on a plane at a specific location is called illuminance. Illuminance is measured in footcandles, which are work
plane lumens per square foot. We can measure illuminance using a light meter located on the work surface where tasks are performed.
Using simple arithmetic and manufacturers' photometric data, we can predict illuminance for a defined space. (Lux is the metric unit for
illuminance, measured in lumens per square meter. To convert footcandles to lux, multiply footcandles by 10.76.)

Brightness
Another measurement of light is luminance, sometimes called brightness. This measures light "leaving" a surface in a particular
direction, and considers the illuminance on the surface and the reflectance of the surface.

The human eye does not see illuminance; it sees luminance. Therefore, the amount of light delivered into the space and the
reflectance of the surfaces in the space affects your ability to see.
 QUALITY OF
Unlike quantity, there’s noILLUMINATION
device to measure light quality. When we discuss the
quality of light, we are talking about how “hard” or “soft” it is, that is, how hard or
how soft the shadow looks.

• glare
• uniformity of illuminance
• color rendition

Luminance (Photometric Brightness). The light that we actually see, brightness can be measured as the light leaving a lamp, or
the light reflecting from an object's surface. If not controlled, brightness can produce levels of glare that either impair or
prevent a desired task being performed. Glare can be described as direct or reflected glare, which can then result in discomfort
or disability.

Direct glare comes straight from the light source.

Reflected glare shows up on the task itself, such as a computer screen.

Discomfort glare does not prevent seeing makes it uncomfortable.

Disability glare prevents vision. A popular example is holding a glossy magazine at a certain angle; a veiling reflection results,
impairing our reading of the page.
Uniformity of Illuminance on Tasks
The uniformity of illuminance is a quality issue that addresses how evenly light spreads over a task area. Although a room's
average illuminance may be appropriate, two factors may compromise uniformity.
1. improper fixture placement based on the luminaire's spacing criteria (ratio of maxim recommended fixture spacing
distance to mounting height above task height)
2. fixtures that are retrofit with reflectors that narrow the light distribution
Non-uniform illuminance causes several problems:
• inadequate light levels in some areas
• visual discomfort when tasks require frequent shifting of view from underlit to overlit areas
• bright spots and patches of light on floors and walls that cause distraction and generate a low quality appearance

Color Rendition
The ability to see colors properly is another aspect of lighting quality. Light sources vary in their
ability to accurately reflect the true colors of people and objects. The color rendering index (CRI)
scale is used to compare the effect of a light source on the color appearance of its surroundings.

A scale of 0 to 100 defines the CRI. A higher CRI means better color rendering, or less color shift.
CRIs in the range of 75-100 are considered excellent, while 65-75 are good. The range of 55-65 is
fair, and 0-55 is poor. Under higher CRI sources, surface colors appear brighter, improving the
aesthetics of the space. Sometimes, higher CRI sources create the illusion of higher illuminance
levels
C0LOR TEMPERATURE (K°)
 INTRODUCTION

The term ‘lighting’ refers to equipment, the primary purpose of which is to produce light. This is
typically some form of lamp.
A lamp is an energy converter. Although it may carry out secondary functions, its prime purpose is
the transformation of electrical energy into visible electromagnetic radiation. There are many ways
to create light. The standard method for creating general lighting is the conversion of electrical
energy into light.

However, lighting can also refer to the use of natural light to provide illumination.

Natural lighting
• Natural light is that part of solar radiation that is visible to the human eye.
• Natural lighting, or daylighting, can play an important role in creating a
comfortable environment, helping to regulate the body clock, improve concentration and create
a calm, tranquil setting. 
• Natural lighting can be exploited by enlarging windows, adding a window on a flanking wall,
changing a non-loadbearing wall into a glass-brick wall, installing a roof light, light tubes, and
so on.
 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING

The first artificial light source was the flame of fire, in which glowing
particles of carbon produce light that, like sunlight, has a continuous
spectrum.
For a long time the production of light was based on this principle,
which exploited flaming torches and kindling, then the candle and the
oil lamp and gas light to an increasingly
effective degree.
 HISTORY
With the development of the
incandescent mantle for gas lighting
in the second half of the 19th century
the principle
of the self luminous flame became
outdated; in its place we find a
material that can be made to glow by
heating – the flame was now only
needed to produce
the required temperature.
Incandescent gas light was
accompanied practically
simultaneously by the development
of electric arc and incandescent
lamps, which were joined at the end
of the 19th century by discharge
lamps
In the 1930s gas light had practically been
completely replaced by a whole range
of electric light sources, whose operation
provides the bases for all modern light
sources. Electric light sources can be divided
into two main groups, which differ
according to the processes applied to convert
electrical energy into light. One group
Comprises the thermal radiators,
They include incandescent lamps and halogen
lamps. The second group comprises the
discharge
lamps; they include a wide range of light
sources, e.g. all forms of fluorescent lamps,
mercury or sodium discharge lamps and
metal halide lamps.
• Daylight (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is
sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in
buildings.
• This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting,
which represents a major component of energy consumption
in buildings.
• Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the
appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects
on occupants
 INCANDESCENT LAMPS

• Incandescent lamps are one of the oldest electric lighting technologies available. With efficacies ranging from 6 to 24 lumens
per watt, incandescent lamps are the least energy-efficient electric light source and have a relatively short life (750-2500
hours).
• Light is produced by passing a current through a tungsten filament, causing it to become hot and glow. With use, the tungsten
slowly evaporates, eventually causing the filament to break.
or
• These lamps use a tungsten filament in an inert gas or vacuum with a glass envelope. The inert gas suppresses tungsten
evaporation and lessens the envelope blackening.
• EXPLAINATION To prevent the filament from oxidising the outer envelope is evacuated for low wattages and filled with
nitrogen or a nitrogen-based inert gas mixture for higher wattages. The thermal insulation properties of the gas used to fill
the bulb increases the temperature of the wire filament, but at the same time reduces the evaporation rate of the tungsten,
which in turn leads to increased luminous efficacy and a longer lamp life. The inert gases predominantly used are argon and
krypton. The krypton permits a higher operating temperature – and greater luminous efficacy. Due to the fact that it is so
expensive, krypton is only used in special applications.
• A characteristic feature of incandescent lamps is their low colour temperature - the light they produce is warm in comparison
to daylight.
Working – INCANDESCENT LAMP

The glowing wire is called a filament.

Filaments are made of materials that resist
the flow of current. Current flowing
through a material of high resistance (like
carbon or tungsten) generates heat and
makes the material glow or become
incandescent. The power lines and lead
wires are made with materials of low
resistance like copper. Thus they do not
get hot.
 PROPERTIES OF METAL FOR FILAMENT

1. High melting point : so that it can be operated at

high temperature.
2. High specific resistance : so that it produces more
heat.
3. Low temperature coefficient : so that filament
resistance may not change at operating
temperature.
4. Low vapor pressure ; so that it may not vaporize
5. High ductile : so that it may withstand
mechanical vibrations
 TYPES OF
INCANDESCENT BULBS
• Standard incandescent – Most
common yet the most inefficient –
Larger wattage bulbs have a
higher efficacy than smaller
wattage bulbs
• Tungsten halogen – It has a gas
filling and an inner coating that
reflect heat – Better energy
efficiency than the standard A-
type bulb
• Reflector lamps – Reflector
lamps (Type R) are designed to
spread light over specific areas –
floodlighting, spotlighting, and
down lighting
ADVANTAGES
 Great for small area lighting Good color rendering: CRI
of 100 which is the best possible
 Cheap to produce
 No quantity of toxic materials to dispose of (like mercury,
toxic alloys, or semiconductors)
 Is easily used in strobe or dimming circuits 
DISADVANTAGES
 Not energy efficient (90% of energy goes to heat, 10%
makes visible light)
 Traditional incandescent light bulbs are not useful for
lighting large areas. It takes many to light a large area
where as only one HID lamp can light a large open area.
 USES

• Incandescent lamps are still popular for domestic lighting because of their low cost and compact size.
• The incandescent lamp is widely used in household and commercial lighting, for portable lighting such as table lamps,
car headlamps, and flashlights, and for decorative and advertising lighting.
 However, for commercial and industrial lighting the low efficacy generates very high operating costs, so discharge lamps
are the normal choice. A 100 W lamp has a typical efficacy of 14 lumens/watt compared with 96 lumens/watt for a 36 W
fluorescent lamp. Incandescent bulbs are manufactured in a wide range of sizes, light output, and voltage ratings, from 1.5
volts to about 300 volts.

HISTORY
General service lamp: the principle of producing light by means of an electrically heated wire filament
has been known since1802. The first functional incandescent lamps were made in 1854 by Heinrich
Goebel.
The real breakthrough that made the incandescent the most common light source can be ascribed to
Thomas Alva Edison, who developed the incandescent lamp as we know it
today in 1879.
 SUMMARY

 One of the oldest electric lighting technologies.

 Light is produced by passing a current through
a tungsten filament.
 Least efficient – (4 to 24 lumens/watt).
 Lamp life ~ 1,000 hours.
High CRI (100) – Warm Color (2700K)
Halogen 2900K to 3200K)
 Inexpensive
 Excellent beam control
 Easily dimmed – no ballast needed
 Immediate off and on
 No temperature concerns – can be used outdoors
 100, 75, 60 and 40 watt lamps will be going away
per 2007 law beginning 2012
 HALOGEN LAMPS
Halogen cycle: combination of evaporated
• The tungsten halogen lamp is another type of tungsten and halogen to produce tungsten halide in the
incandescent lamp. In a halogen lamp, a small peripheral area. Splitting of the tungsten halogens back
quartz capsule contains the filament and a halogen to the filament.
gas. The small capsule size allows the filament to Temperature of the outer glass envelope has to be over
operate at a higher temperature, which produces 250° C to allow the development of the halogen cycle to
light at a higher efficacy than standard take place..
incandescent.
• The halogen gas combines with the evaporated
tungsten, redepositing it on the filament. This
process extends the life of the filament and keeps
the bulb wall from blackening and reducing light
output.
• Compact halogen lamps are popular in retail
applications for display and accent lighting.
• In addition, tungsten-halogen lamps generally
produce a whiter light than other incandescent
lamps, are more efficient, last longer, and have
improved lamp lumen depreciation.
 ADVANTAGES
:
 More compact
 Longer life
 More and whiter light
 Halogen bulbs are much brighter than incandescent, and
are much more energy efficient for the amount of light
produced.

DISADVANTAGE
S:

 Cost more
 Increased IR and UV
 Handling problems
 ELECTRIC GAS DISCHARGE LAMP
• Gas-discharge lamps are a family of artificial light sources that generate light by sending an
electrical discharge through an ionized gas.
• Typically, such lamps use a noble gas (argon, neon, krypton and xenon) or a mixture of these
gases. Most lamps are filled with additional materials, like mercury, sodium and/or metal halides.
• In contrast to incandescent lamps, light from discharge lamps is not produced by heating a
filament, but by exciting gases or metal vapors. This is effected by applying voltage between two
electrodes located in a discharge tube filled with inert gases or metal vapors. Through the voltage
current is produced between the two electrodes. On their way through the discharge tube the
electrons collide with gas atoms, which are in turn excited to radiate light, when the electrons are
travelling at a sufficiently high speed. For every type of gas there is a certain wave- length
combination; radiation, i.e. light, is produced from one or several narrow frequency ranges.
• Discharge lamps can be divided into two main groups depending on the operating pressure. Each of these groups
has different properties.
• One group comprises
low-pressure discharge lamps. -
These lamps contain inert gases or a mixture of inert gas and metal vapor at a pressure well below 1 bar. Due to the low
pressure inside the discharge tube there is hardly any interaction between the gas molecules. The result is a pure line
spectrum. The luminous efficacy of low-pressure discharge lamps is mainly dependent on lamp volume. To attain
adequate luminous power the lamps must have large discharge tubes.
High-pressure discharge lamps, on the other hand, are operated at a pressure well above 1 bar. Due to the high
pressure and the resulting high temperatures there is a great deal of interaction in the discharge gas.Lightis no longer
radiated in narrow spectral lines but in broader frequency ranges. In general, radiation shifts with increasing pressure
into the long- wave region of the spectrum. The luminous power per unit of volume is far greater than that of a
discharge; the discharge tubes are small.
High-pressure discharge lamps – similar to incandescent lamps – are point sources with high lamp luminance. As a rule
the actual discharge tubes are surrounded by an additional outer envelope, which stabilizes the operating temperature
of the lamp, or, if necessary, serves as a UV filter and can be used as a means of containing the fluorescent coating.
 Advantages
The advantages of the discharge lamp are
Lamp Examples
•Long life
• The mercury lamps are mostly used for street
•Less in cost
lighting due to their long span of life. They
•Can be used for a number of applications
provide about 50 lumens per watt. They also
•Fewer heat dissipations as compared to fluorescent
provide huge energy savings while usage.
bulbs.
• The metal halide lamps are mostly used for
•Can be designed for different colors
indoor purposes like stadiums, outdoor areas,
Disadvantages
sports facilities, etc.
The disadvantages of the discharge lamp are
They provide very bright and intense light. They are
•More costly as compared to fluorescent bulbs. This
much simple in construction as compared to
factor is replaced by CFL bulbs
mercury lamps and provide more lumens per watts.
Applications
• The high-pressure sodium lamps provide a warm
The applications of the discharge lamp are
light with a comparative high life span and more
•Street Lighting
lumens per watt.
•Sport Arenas
•Aircrafts
•Gymnasiums
•Industries
 FLUORESCENT LAMPS

Fluorescent lamps are the most commonly used

commercial light source.. Their popularity can be
attributed to their relatively high efficacy, diffuse
light distribution characteristics, and long operating
life.
Fluorescent lamp construction consists of a glass
tube with the following features:
• Filled with an argon or argon-krypton gas and a
small amount of mercury
• Coated on the inside with phosphors
• Equipped with an electrode at both ends
Fluorescent lamps provide light by the following
process:
• An electric discharge (current) is maintained
between the electrodes through the mercury vapor
and inert gas.
• This current excites the mercury atoms, causing When leaving the electrode (1) the electrons (2) collide with
them to emit non-visible ultraviolet (UV) radiation. mercury atoms (3). The mercury atoms (4) are thus excited and
• This UV radiation is converted into visible in turn pro- duce UV radiation (5). The UV radiation is
light by the phosphors lining the tube. transformed into visible light (7) in the fluorescent coating (6)
 • Fluorescent lamps have a high luminous
efficacy. They have a long lamp life,
• Fluorescent lamps are usually tubular in Improved light output and wattage requirements of some
shape, whereby the length of the lamp typical 1,500 mm fluorescent tube lamps
is dependent on the wattage. U-shaped or
ring-shaped fluorescents are available
for special applications. The diameter of the
lamps is 26 mm (and 16 mm).
• Fluorescent lamps are available in a
wide range of luminous colors, the main
ones being warm white, neutral white and
daylight white.

 High Efficacy: up to 100 lumens/watt.

 Improvements made in the last 15 years. – T12: 1.5 inch in diameter.
– T8: 1 inch in diameter.
 ~30% more efficient than T12. – T5: 5/8 inch in diameter.
 ~40% more efficient than T12.
 TYPES OF FLUORESCENTS

TUBE FLUORESCENT COMPACT FLUORESCENT

 ASSIGNMENT

Market survey of lamps with code and

technical specifications..
 REFERENCES

http://frontdesk.co.in/building-science/illumination-in-architecture/
https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/res/Handbook-of-Lighting-Design.pdf
https://www.iloencyclopaedia.org/part-vi-16255/lighting/item/262-types-of-lamps-and-lighting
http://www.boles.de/teaching/mm/pages/light-fundamentals.html

https://www.brainkart.com/article/Classification-of-light-sources-or-lamps_13666/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_light

https://www.slideshare.net/sauravcool/electrical-lamps-and-their-types
https://slideplayer.com/slide/14025576/
 THINK DIFFERENTLY
Integrated façade lighting should not be dictated by the availability of
standard products.
THINK SPECIFICALLY
Integrated façade lighting should be a specific design response to the
architect’s intention.