Chapter 14

The
Respiratory
System

Suggested Lecture
Presentation

Susan Capasso, Ed.D., CGC

St. Vincent’s College

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

 The Respiratory System

 The function of the respiratory system is

to provide the body with essential oxygen
and dispose of carbon dioxide

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 The Respiratory System

 Four processes play a part in respiration:

1. Breathing (ventilating)
2. External respiration
3. Gas transport
4. Internal respiration

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 The Respiratory System

Breathing moves air External respiration Gas transport Internal respiration is

in and out of the lungs. is the exchange of moves oxygen and the exchange of oxygen
oxygen and carbon carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide
dioxide between the between the lungs between blood and the
lungs and the blood. and the body tissues. body tissues.

Oxygen
transport

Carbon
dioxide
Lungs Gas diffusion transport Gas diffusion Tissue

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.1

 The Respiratory System

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.3

 The Respiratory System

UPPER RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM Sinuses
• Cavities in skull
• Filters, warms, and
• Lighten head
moistens air
• Warm and moisten
air
Nasal cavity
• Produces mucus Pharynx
• Filters, warms, and • Passageway for
moistens air air and food
• Olfaction

RESPIRATORY
MUSCLES
• Cause breathing

Intercostal
muscles Diaphragm
• Muscle sheet between
• Move ribs during chest and abdominal
breathing cavities with a role in
breathing
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.2 (1 of 2)
 The Respiratory System

LOWER RESPIRATORY
Epiglottis
SYSTEM
• Covers larynx during
• Exchanges gases
swallowing
Larynx
Lungs
• Air passageway
• Structures that contain
• Prevents food and drink
alveoli and air
from entering lower
passageways
respiratory system
• Allow exchange of
• Produces voice
oxygen and carbon
Bronchi dioxide between
• Two branches of atmosphere and blood
trachea that conduct
Trachea
air from trachea to
• Connects larynx with
each lung
bronchi leading to
Bronchioles each lung
• Narrow passageways • Conducts air to and
to conduct air from from bronchi
bronchi to alveoli
Alveoli
• Microscopic chambers
for gas exchange
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.2 (2 of 2)
 The Respiratory System

 The nose
 Cleans incoming air
 Warms and moistens the air
 Provides for the sense of smell

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 The Respiratory System

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.4a

 The Respiratory System

 The sinuses
 Lighten the head
 Adjust air quality
 The pharynx
 The space behind the nose and mouth
 Provides a passageway for food and air

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 The Respiratory System

 The larynx
 An adjustable entrance to the respiratory
system
 Controls the position of the epiglottis to
prevent materials from entering the lower
respiratory system
 The source of the voice

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

 The Respiratory System

Epiglottis

Larynx

Upper
trachea
Front view

(a) The epiglottis is open during breathing but covers the

opening to the larynx during swallowing to prevent
food or drink from entering the trachea.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.5a
 The Respiratory System
Vocal cords

Glottis

Top view of larynx Top view of larynx

During quiet breathing, the During speech, the vocal

vocal cords are near the cords are stretched over the
sides of the larynx, and the glottis and vibrate as air
glottis is open. passes through them,
producing the voice.
(b) The vocal cords are the folds of connective tissue above the
opening of the larynx (the glottis) that produce the voice.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.5b
 The Respiratory System

 The trachea
 Tube that conducts air between the
environment and the lungs
 Heimlich maneuver
 Can be used to dislodge food from the
trachea

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 The Respiratory System
A person who is choking cannot speak
or breathe and needs immediate help.
The Heimlich maneuver is a
procedure intended to force a large
burst of air out of the lungs and
dislodge the object blocking air flow.

Step 1: Stand behind the choking

person with arms around the waist.

Step 2: Make a fist and place the

thumb of the fist beneath the
victim’s rib cage about midway
between the navel (belly button) and
the breastbone.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.6 (1 of 2)

 The Respiratory System

Step 3: Grasp the fist with your

other hand and deliver a rapid “bear
hug” up and under the rib cage with
the clenched fist. Be careful not to
press on the ribs or the breastbone Blocking
because doing so could cause object
serious injury.

Step 4: Repeat until the object

is dislodged.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.6 (2 of 2)

 The Respiratory System

 The trachea divides into the bronchial

tree which conducts air to each lung

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 The Respiratory System

 Asthma
 Spasms of the bronchial muscles that
severely restrict air flow
 Characterized by recurring attacks of
wheezing and difficulty breathing, and
persistent inflammation of the airways

PLAY | Childhood Asthma

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 The Respiratory System

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.7

 The Respiratory System

 The alveoli
 Functional units of the respiratory system
 Minute sacs where oxygen diffuses from the
air into the blood
 For alveoli to function properly they are
coated with phospholipid molecules called
surfactant that keep them open

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 The Respiratory System

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.8

 The Respiratory System

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 14.1 (1 of 2)

 The Respiratory System

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 14.1 (2 of 2)

 The Respiratory System

 Carbon dioxide produced by the cells

diffuses from the blood into the alveolar air
to be exhaled

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 Pressure Changes within the Lungs Cause
Breathing

 Pressure changes within the lungs cause

breathing

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 Pressure Changes within the Lungs Cause
Breathing

 When the diaphragm and intercostal

muscles contract, the volume of the
thoracic cavity increases, causing the
pressure in the lungs to decrease

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 Pressure Changes within the Lungs Cause
Breathing

 Inspiration
 Occurs when the pressure in the lungs
decreases

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 Pressure Changes within the Lungs Cause
Breathing
Inhalation

Air flow
Rib cage
moves up
and out
Intercostal
muscles
contract
Diaphragm
contracts
and flattens Diaphragm
contracts
The chest cavity increases
in size, and pressure within The lungs expand, and
the lungs decreases. air moves in.

(a)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.9a
 Pressure Changes within the Lungs Cause
Breathing

 Expiration
 When the same muscles relax, pressure in
the lungs increase

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 Pressure Changes within the Lungs Cause
Breathing
Exhalation

Air flow
Rib cage
moves down
and inward

Intercostal
muscles relax

Diaphragm
relaxes and
moves upward Diaphragm
relaxes

The chest cavity decreases

in size, and pressure The lungs recoil,
within the lungs increases. and air moves out.

(b)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.9b
 Pressure Changes within the Lungs Cause
Breathing

 The volume of air inhaled or exhaled

during a normal breath is called the tidal
volume
 The volume of air moved into and out of
the lungs is an indication of health

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 Blood Transports Gasses between the Lungs
and the Cells

 Most oxygen is carried by the blood where

it is bound to hemoglobin in a molecule
called oxyhemoglobin

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 Blood Transports Gasses between the Lungs
and the Cells

 The carbon dioxide produced as the cells

use oxygen is removed by the blood in
one of three ways
1. Dissolved in the blood
2. Carried by hemoglobin
3. As a bicarbonate ion

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 Blood Transports Gasses between the Lungs
and the Cells

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.11 (1 of 2)

 Blood Transports Gasses between the Lungs
and the Cells

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.11 (2 of 2)

 Breathing Is Controlled by Respiratory
Centers in the Brain

 The basic rhythm of breathing

 Controlled by a breathing center located in
the medulla

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 Breathing Is Controlled by Respiratory
Centers in the Brain

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.12 (1 of 2)

 Respiratory Centers in the Brain

 Carbon dioxide
 The most important chemical influencing
breathing rate

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 Respiratory Disorders Have Many Causes

 The common cold

 Caused by several types of viruses
 Some with many variants

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 Respiratory Disorders Have Many Causes

 Influenza
 Caused by only two types of viruses
 There are many variants of these two
types

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 Respiratory Disorders Have Many Causes

 Pneumonia
 An inflammation of the lungs that causes
fluid to accumulate in the alveoli, reducing
gas exchange

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 Respiratory Disorders Have Many Causes

 Strep throat
 Caused by Streptococcus bacteria
 Soreness accompanied by swollen glands
and fever

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 Respiratory Disorders Have Many Causes

 Tuberculosis
 Infection caused by bacteria
 Results in fibrous tissue forming in the lungs

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 Respiratory Disorders Have Many Causes

 Bronchitis
 An inflammation of the mucous membrane of
the bronchi
 Caused by viruses, bacteria, or chemical
irritation
 Inflammation results in the production of
excess mucus, which triggers a deep cough

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 Respiratory Disorders Have Many Causes

 Emphysema
 Caused by the destruction of alveoli, usually
by smoking
 Reduction in the surface area available for
gas exchange and the increased dead air
space results in shortness of breath

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 Respiratory Disorders Have Many Causes

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.14

 Lung Cancer

 Lung Cancer
 Changes in the cells of the airway linings
 Eventual uncontrolled cell division forms a
tumor
 Often caused by inhaled carcinogens,
including those found in tobacco smoke

PLAY | Secondhand Smoke

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 Lung Cancer

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.4b

 Lung Cancer

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.15