Integumentary System

• Epidermis: superficial, avascular, mostly dead cells, nerve endings

SKIN • Dermis : deeper, vascular, sweat & oil glands, hair follicles, smooth
muscle
Grossly visible connective tissue
• Superficial fascia : fatty layer; insulation; energy
FASCIA storage
• Deep fascia : dense, organized, invests muscles/neurovasculature
(investing fascia )

Superficial

Deep
Anatomical Directional
Terms
 • Median plane
• Passes longitudinally
midline of body
through
• Divides into symmetrical
right & left halves
• Sagittal planes
• Parallel to median
plane
• Divides into R. & L. portions
• Frontal (coronal) planes
• Right angles to median plane
• Divides into anterior &
posterior portions
• Transverse (horizontal) planes
• Perpendicular to any vertical

Anatomical Planes plane

• Divides into superior
& inferior portions
 • Tendons: attach muscle to bone
• Concentric contraction: muscle
shortening
• These are the ‘actions’
described for each muscle
• Proximal/superior attachment
Muscle (origin)
Attachments • Typically fixed (not moving)
• Distal/inferior attachment
(insertion)
• Typically kinetic (moving)
• Insertion site will move
towards the origin during
concentric contraction
Afferent v. Efferent Innervation
Basic Innervation Terminology Categories of Nerve Fibers: Afferent
• Afferent = Sensory • Somatic = skeletal • Somatic Afferent
• Sensation from skin
• Signal toward muscle; skin • Pain, touch, pressure, & temperature
CNS • Visceral = viscera • Proprioception
• Efferent = Motor (organs), smooth • Visceral Afferent
• Signal away from muscle, glandular • Sensation from viscera & blood vessels
(pain, distension, pressure, etc.)
the CNS tissue • Special Afferent (aka special sensory
• Vision, olfaction, hearing, taste, &
equilibrium

Categories of Nerve Fibers: Efferent

• Somatic Efferent
• Impulses to skeletal muscle
• Visceral Efferent
• Impulses to glands & smooth muscle
Helixitta / CC BY-SA (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Neurovascular Bundle
Typical Contents
• Artery
• Blood supply
• Vein(s)
• Drainage of low-oxygenated
blood
• Lymphatics
• Drainage of fluids, proteins, &
cellular debris
• Nerve
• Communication with CNS
Anterior Thorax
Muscles
Anatomography / CC BY-SA 2.1 JP
(https :/ / creativecommons .org/ licens es / by-
Arcadian:derivative work: Lies Van Rompaey / Public domain s a/ 2.1/ jp/ deed.en)

Pectoralis major m. Anatomography / CC BY-SA 2.1 JP (https :/ / creativecommons .org/ licens es / by-s a/ 2.1/ jp/ deed.en)
Serratus anterior m.
• 2 heads (clavicular & • Ribs to anterior scapula
sternocostal) to
Pectoralis minor m.
• Ribs to coracoid process • Actions: protraction &
proximal
humerus upward rotation of scapula
of scapula
• Shoulder joint actions: • Innervation: long thoracic
• Actions: Stabilizes and
• Adduction & medial rotation n. • Unique in that the
(both heads contracting) protracts scapula
nerve
superficial
is to muscle
• Flexion (clavicular head) • Innervation: medial pectoral • More susceptible to injury
• Extension (sternocostal head) n. • Pierces the muscle • ‘Winged scapula’: damage
• Innervation: lateral & medial • Will subdivide the axillary to this muscle or long thoracic
pectoral nn. artery into 3 parts based on n. • Scapula has a ‘wing’-like
• Close relationship w/ relationship to the muscle appearance (displaced
breast tissue • Deep to pectoralis major posteriorly & laterally)
 Anterior Neck
Muscles
Sternocleidomastoid m. Infrahyoid mm.
• Superior attachments: mastoid • 4 pairs of muscles:
process & occipital bone • Superficial: Sternohyoid &
• Inferior attachments: manubrium omohyoid
(sternum) & clavicle • Deep: Sternothyroid &
• Vertebral joint actions: thyrohyoid
• Bilateral: flexes • Names indicate where they attach
neck • All inferior to the hyoid
• Unilateral: lateral flexion
•
Anatomography / CC BY-SA 2.1 JP (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.1/jp/deed.en)

Strap-like shape (aka strap muscles)

of neck & rotation of head • Actions:
• Innervation: • Stabilization or depression of
• Efferent: accessory n. hyoid bone
(CN XI) • Innervation:
• Afferent: C2 & C3 fibers • Ansa cervicalis predominately
• Prominently visible and • Often need reflect or move to access
palpable
in neck the thyroid gland
• External jugular v. runs
superficial
Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/1-introduction
Thyroid & Parathyroid Glands

Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/1-introduction

• Both endocrine glands

• Robust vascular supply
• Release hormones into
• Superior & inferior thyroid aa.
bloodstream; ductless • Inferior thyroid a. close to recurrent laryngeal n.
• Thyroid gland hormones: • Surgery involving thyroid gland/inferior thyroid a. –
• Thyroid hormones may lead to:
• Calcitonin • Damage to recurrent laryngeal n. à hoarseness
and/or paralysis of most intrinsic laryngeal mm.
• Parathyroid hormones:
• Parathyroid hormone (PTH) • Superior, middle, & inferior thyroid vv.