THE EFFECTS OF LEADERSHIP STYLE ON CHURCH GROWTH.

CASE STUDY OF
CHARISMATIC AND ORTHODOX CHURCHES IN TEMA WEST MUNICIPAL
ASSEMBLY.

ELVIS DOE KAFUI (10093776)

SUPERVISOR: PROF. NANA OWUSU FRIMPONG

 OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATION
 BACKGROUND
 PROBLEM STATEMENT
 OBJECTIVES
 HYPOTHESIS
 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
 LITERATURE REVIEW
 METHODOLOGY
 DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
 Background to the Study
• Christianity commenced in Ghana when the Europeans reached the
Gold Coast in the early part of the 15th Century.
• And has ultimately outshined the spiritual beliefs in other respects of the
indigents of the then Gold Coast (Adeaga, 2018).
• Christianity is Ghana's most popular religion, about 69% of the country's
population are Christians (Safo, 2014), and about 50,000 believers from
Moslems background converted to Christianity annually (Miller & Johnstone,
2015).
• Mainly, Ghana is made up of Christians from the Orthodox Churches and
Charismatic Churches.
• Like the Charismatic churches in Ghana, the Orthodox Churches have
contributed to the country's development in diverse ways especially education
and health sectors.
 Background to the Study
• The diverse leadership styles emerging from the ever-growing number
of churches and their effect on the gospel's development are cause for
concern.
• Pentecostal churches use a democratic leadership style in which every
person participates in decision-making (Danbaba, 2016).
• Others follow an autocratic leadership model in which the general
overseer makes all decisions, while others follow other leadership
models such as shepherding and charismatic leadership.

• Mutia (2016) assessed the influence of Strategic Leadership on the

growth in membership, expansion of church branches and increase in
church infrastructure, and the contribution of churches to socio-
economic growth.
 Problem Statement
• Several studies examine effects of leadership styles on
employees performance in corporate organizations (Arif &
Akram, 2018; Sofi & Devanadhen; 2015; Hoxha, 2015; DeJong
& Bruch, 2013).
• However, studies related to leadership styles and church growth
are scanty.
• For instance, the behaviour of pastors and its effects on the
growth of churches was exploited by Burton (2010)
• Tamunomiebe and Odunoyo (2012) examined the Church
leadership and Congregational growth.
• Ham (2011) examined the leadership practices and church and
growth.
• Mutia (2016) assessed the influence of Strategic Leadership on
the growth in membership.
 Problem Statement Contd.
• In Ghana, Owusu (2015) studied the impact of leadership styles on
church members' commitment.
• Charismatic Movement and Pentecostalism in Africa, Servant Leadership
and Socio-Cultural Factors, Church Growth and Pentecost (Asamoah-
Gyadu, 1998; Anderson, 1999; Koomson, Abdulai & Adusei, 2017).
• The role of women in the growth of Presbyterian churches (Ampofo,
1998).
• The effect of Pentecostal churches on Leadership and leadership
formation (White, 2015).
• Study on the effect of leadership style on churches' growth is essentially
lacking considering that Ghana is predominantly a Christians religious.
• The effect of leadership style on church growth in the contest of orthodox
and charismatic churches in Ghana is yet to be explored.
• Thus, this study examine and compare the effects of Charismatic and
Servant Leadership Style on the Growth of Charismatic and Orthodox
churches in Tema West Municipal Assembly.
•
 Research Objectives
 To examine the effect of Charismatic Leadership style on
Orthodox and Charismatic churches' growth in the Tema
West District Assembly

 To examine the effect of Servant Leadership style on

Orthodox and Charismatic churches' growth in the Tema
West District Assembly.

 To evaluate the influence of Managerial Skills of the Pastors

on the performance of the Orthodox and Charismatic
churches.
 Research Hypotheses
  There is no significant influence of Charismatic leadership style
on Orthodox and Charismatic churches' growth in the Tema West
District Assembly.

There is no significant influence of Servant Leadership style on

the growth of Orthodox and Charismatic churches in the Tema
West District Assembly.

: The Managerial Skills of the Pastors does not influence the

performance of Orthodox and Charismatic churches in the Tema
West District Assembly.
 Theoretical literature

Charismatic Leadership Style: Characterized primarily in recognition of the

followers and subordinates' cognitive desires (Katz & Kahn, 1978). The originality of charismatic
Leadership is traced to Max Webber when he deduced this form of leadership style from the charismatic
authority and later posthumously published it in 1922 (Adair-Toteff, 2005).

Charismatic Leadership Style: This leadership theory became known in 1970 when
Greenleaf used it in his writing "The Servant as Leader". The theory was further developed by Spears
(1995) when he stated the characteristics of a Servant leader by analyzing the work of Greenleaf (1970).
Spears (2004) stated the characteristics of a Servant leader as “listening, empathy, healing, awareness,
persuasion, conceptualization, foresight, stewardship, commitment to the growth of others, and building
community”.
 Empirical literature review
Name of Topic Methodology Findings
author(s)

Nkansah (2018), Leadership and Qualitative Research The study concluded that
Ghana Leader’s influence Method using churches must select leaders
in the growth interview of Church based on defined criteria that
churches in Ghana. Elders. exemplify their character that
would improve and develop the
congregation.
Koomson, Servant Qualitative data Servant Leadership is effective in
Abdulai and Leadership and from purposively rallying the congregation around
Adusei (2017), sampled Churuch their leaders to grow the Church
Ghana leaders in terms of membership and
financial resources
Tamunomiebi, Leadership of the Quantitative using Strong correlation between
Omosioni and Church as an primary data. church spiritual leadership and
Odunayo (2018), instrument for the Regression and the growth of the congregation
Nigeria. growth and Correlation Analysis.
development of the
 Empirical literature review
Name of Research Objective Methodology Findings
AuthorS
Keita (2011), Leadership Styles and Qualitative method Pastors lack knowledge of
USA Their Impact on Church that used face-to-face leadership styles such
Growth interview. Transformational, Transaction
but are aware of charismatic
and Servant leadership

Soneni and Impact of Charismatic Ordinary least squares Leadership has a positive
Moreen (2015), Leadership on church’s (OLS) regression impact on the growth of the
Zimbabwe growth. using questionnaires Church.
 

Allen (2018), Transformational Quantitative Research Transformational Leadership

USA. leadership style and the Method using has a positive impact on the
Church's growth questionnaires. Church's growth and improved
membership economically
 Methodology

•  Leadership Style on Church Growth of Charismatic And Orthodox Churches in

 Research Approach – Quantitative Research Approach to determine the effects of

Tema West Municipal Assembly using Independent Sample Test and linear regression.
 Research Design – Cross-sectional research design; analyzing concurrently, the
effect Leadership Style on Church Growth of Charismatic And Orthodox Churches
in Tema West Municipal Assembly using questionnaires.
 Data source – Primary data through the uses of questionnaires.
 Population – Both Orthodox and Charismatic church members in the Tema West
Municipal Assembly 19 charismatic churches and 12 orthodox churches.
 Data Analysis tool – SPSS Version 25 ( Statistical Software for Social Sciences).
 Sample Size: Selected according to Yamane (1965) formulae
 = 23.64
 Methodology
  CHARISMATIC CHURCHES ORTHODOX
CHURCHES
SAMPLE
SAMPLE SIZE
SIZE PER
PER
GROUP
GROUP
NO.
NO. OF
OF CHURCHES
CHURCHES

  CHARISMATIC CHURCHES ORTHODOX CHURCHES

Church Members

Church
Church Elders
Elders

Total
Total Number
Number PerPer 225
225 135
135
Group
Group
Total sample size 360
Total sample size 360
 Methodology – Regression Analysis
𝐶𝐺
  𝐶𝐿𝑆 =𝛼 0 +𝛼 1 𝐶𝑂𝑀 +𝛼 2 𝑀𝐻 + 𝛼 3 𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑃+ 𝛼 4 𝐶𝑂𝑁𝐹 +𝛼 5 𝑆𝐼𝑀 +𝛼 6 𝑀𝑆 +𝜀 𝑖

𝐶𝐺
  𝑆𝐿𝑆 =𝛽 0 + 𝛽 1 𝐸𝑀𝑃+ 𝛽 2 𝐿𝐴+ 𝛽 3 𝐻𝑃+ 𝛽 4 𝑆𝑇𝑃+ 𝛽 5 𝐶𝐺𝑂+ 𝛼 6 𝑀𝑆 +𝜇 𝑖

CG = Church Growth,
CLS = Charismatic Leadership Style
COM = Communication
MH = Maturity and Humility
COMP = Compassion
CONF = Confidence SIM = Self- Improvement
SLS = Servant Leadership Style
EMP = Empathy
LA = Listening and Awareness
HP = Healing and Persuasive
STP = Stewardship
CGO = Committed to the growth of Others
MS=Managerial Skills of Pastor.
 
 Methodology – Validity and Reliability Test (CLS)
Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized
Cronbach's Alpha Items No. of Items
0.897 0.899 7

Qualities of Charismatic No. of Items Pearson Correlation Pearson Product

Leadership Style Moment Value

Church Growth   0.836 0.3610**

Communication   0.791 0.3610**
 
Maturity and Humility 0.505 0.3610**
7
Compassion 0.651 0.3610**
Confidence 0.668 0.3610**
Self- Improvement 0.659 0.3610**
Managerial Skills of 0.830 0.3610**
Pastor
Methodology – Validity and Reliability Test (SLS)
Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized
Cronbach's Alpha Items No. of Items
0.830 0.838 7
Qualities of Servant Leadership No. of Pearson Correlation Pearson Product
Style Items Moment Value

Church Growth   0.656 0.3610**

Empathy   0.523 0.3610**
 
Listening and Awareness 0.275 0.3610**
7
Healing and Persuasive 0.763 0.3610**
Stewardship 0.573 0.3610**
Committed to the growth of 0.709 0.3610**
Others
Managerial Skills of Pastor
0.664 0.3610**
 Preliminary Findings
Descriptive Statistics of the Main Variables
  Orthodox Churches Charismatic Churches
  Min Max Mean Std. Skewn. Kurt. Min Max Mean Std. Skewn. Kurt.
Dev. Dev.
CG 1 5 4.04 0.46 -0.78 0.40 1 5 4.06 0.49 -0.91 0.27
COM 3 5 4.24 0.68 -0.34 -0.83 1 5 4.23 0.84 -1.33 0.99
COMP 2 5 4.13 0.70 -0.82 1.42 1 5 4.12 0.70 -0.97 0.88
MH 1 5 3.95 0.57 -0.33 -0.05 1 5 3.99 0.70 -0.86 0.97
CONF 2 5 4.04 0.72 -0.25 -0.38 1 5 3.99 0.86 -0.80 0.81

SIM 1 5 3.96 0.88 -0.79 0.71 1 5 3.99 0.96 -0.94 0.74

EMP 1 5 4.02 0.74 -0.94 0.56 1 5 4.08 0.89 -0.94 0.62
LA 1 5 3.82 0.88 -0.74 0.75 1 5 3.92 0.91 -0.89 1.06
STP 1 5 3.93 0.84 -0.84 0.74 1 5 4.01 0.90 -0.70 0.89
CGO 2 5 4.07 0.80 -0.56 -0.12 1 5 3.97 0.84 -0.80 0.90
HP 1 5 3.96 0.87 -0.72 0.66 1 5 4.11 0.83 -0.99 0.47
MS 2 5 3.99 0.41 -0.13 -0.43 1 5 4.09 0.45 -0.44 0.17
 Preliminary Findings- Group Statistics

Std.
Church Std. Error
  Name N Mean Deviation Mean
Orthodox 85 4.040 0.462 0.050
Church
Growth Charismatic 179 4.061 0.486 0.036
Orthodox 85 4.062 0.432 0.047
Charismatic
Leadership Charismatic 179 4.065 0.540 0.040
Orthodox 85 3.962 0.450 0.049
Servant
Leadership Charismatic 179 3.999 0.543 0.041
 Preliminary Findings – Independent Sample Test

Levene's Test for

Equality of
    Variances t-test for Equality of Means

Sig. Sig. Std. Error

    F - Stat Value t-Stat df Value Mean Diff. Diff.

Equal variances
assumed 0.352 0.554 -0.341 262 0.734 -0.022 0.063

Equal variances
Church Growth not assumed     -0.347 172 0.729 -0.022 0.062

Equal variances
assumed 3.178 0.076 -0.045 262 0.964 -0.003 0.067

Charismatic Equal variances

Leadership not assumed     -0.049 202 0.961 -0.003 0.062

Equal variances
assumed 3.381 0.067 -0.539 262 0.591 -0.037 0.068

Servant Equal variances

Leadership not assumed     -0.576 196 0.566 -0.037 0.064
 Preliminary Findings - Summary of the Regression Model

ORTHODOX CHURCHES

Charismatic Leadership Servant Leadership

Durbin-
R Square Std. Error Watson R Square Std. Error Durbin-Watson

0.4801 0.4089 1.821 0.523 0.383428 1.741

CHARISMATIC CHURCHES

Charismatic Leadership Servant Leadership

Durbin-
R Square Std. Error Watson R Square Std. Error Durbin-Watson

0.574 0.3224 1.719 0.571 0.325 1.65

 Preliminary Findings - ANOVA
CHARISMATIC CHURCHES
  Charismatic Leadership   Servant Leadership    
  Sum of df Mean F Sig. Sum of df Mean F Sig.
Squares Square Squares Square

Regression 24.08 6 4.01 38.60 0.000 23.59 6 3.93 37.21 0.000

Residual 17.88 172 0.10     17.75 168 0.11    
Total 41.96 178       41.33 174      
ORTHODOX CHURCHES                
  Charismatic Leadership   Servant Leadership    
  Sum of df Mean F Sig. Sum of df Mean F Sig.
Squares Square Squares Square

Regression 4.89 6 0.81 4.87 0.000 6.46 6 1.08 7.32 0.000

Residual 13.04 78 0.17     11.47 78 0.15    
Total 17.92 84       17.92 84      
 Regression Analysis- Charismatic Leadership

  Charismatic Churches Orthodox Churches

  Coeff. T-Stat Sig. Value VIF Coeff. T-Stat Sig. Value VIF

(Const
ant) 0.481 1.952 0.000   1.240 2.344 0.000  

COM 0.056 1.698 0.091* 1.324 0.073 1.006 0.318 1.224

COMP 0.054 1.295 0.197 1.455 0.024 0.338 0.736 1.216

MH 0.092 1.979 0.049*** 1.827 0.105 1.087 0.280 1.536

CONF 0.083 2.662 0.008*** 1.226 0.068 0.959 0.340 1.307

SIM 0.075 2.486 0.014*** 1.434 0.006 0.098 0.922 1.337

MS
 Regression Analysis - Servant Leadership
  Charismatic Churches Orthodox Churches
  Coeff. T-Stat Sig. Value VIF Coeff. T-Stat Sig. Value VIF

(Constant) 0.449 1.815 0.071   1.272 2.638 0.010  

EMP 0.088 2.574 0.011*** 1.513 -0.006 -0.087 0.931 1.266

LA 0.101 3.029 0.003*** 1.482 0.004 0.078 0.938 1.278
STP 0.045 1.252 0.212 1.693 0.137 2.215 0.030*** 1.554
CGO 0.027 0.777 0.438 1.438 0.141 2.458 0.016*** 1.195
HP 0.065 1.822 0.070* 1.427 0.073 1.305 0.196 1.338
MS 0.564 8.893 0.000*** 1.270 0.344 2.944 0.004*** 1.281
 Conclusion

 From the independent sample test, which failed to reject the hypothesis of
equal variance, the study established that, there is no significant difference
between the Charismatic and Orthodox churches in terms of their leadership
style as such, Charismatic Leadership, Servant Leadership and their
Managerial skills.

 At 1% level of significance, the managerial skills of Pastors from the

Charismatic and Orthodox Churches has significantly influence the growth of
their various churches whether they use Servant or Charismatic Leadership
style.

 At 1% level of significance, the managerial skills of Pastors has significantly

influence the growth of their various churches more than their Leadership
style.
 Recommendation

 More focus and attention on the Managerial Skills of the Pastors

than their Leadership Styles as it will enables them to develop the
congregation more than their Leadership Styles.

 Pastors in Charismatic churches should improve on their

compassion of their member as Charismatic leaders.

 Pastors in Charismatic churches should improve on their

Stewardship and Committed to the growth of their member as
servant leaders.

 Pastors in Orthodox churches should improve Empathy as well as

Listening and Awareness with their member to be servant leaders.