Chapter 1

INTRODUCING FAMILY
A semi-detached house (often abbreviated to semi)
is a single family dwelling house built as one of a pair
that share one common wall. Often, each house's
layout is a mirror image of the other.
• out·skirts. Use outskirts in a sentence.
noun. Outskirts is defined as the edge of town
or a remote area.
• An example of outskirts is a house located
thirty minutes from town, down a dirt road.
 True /false/ not in the text
1. Jenny does not work
2. The daughter wears spectacles
3. Jenny is older than Alan
4. Alan often works on Saturday
5. Lily plays in the school orchestra
6. Dominic is the school football team
7. The children go to the primary school
8. Lily is fun loving
9. Alan and Jenny are renting their house
10. Alan is a good cook
 Direct Speech
I’ve hurt my
leg!

“I’ve hurt my leg!” moaned the boy.

 Direct speech
Can you take a
deep breath?

“Can you take a deep breath?” asked the

doctor.
 Direct speech
I like this dress.

The woman said, “I like this dress.”

 Direct Speech
Use the correct punctuation to write what
is being said.
I’ve caught The train will
three fish. leave in ten
minutes!

I love ice
cream.

Do you
I am a know
clever what
girl. type of
angle
this is?
 Indirect speech
This is sometimes called REPORTED SPEECH.
When we use indirect speech in our writing:
• We don’t use speech marks.
• We usually have to change pronouns and verb
tenses.
• We don’t have to start a new line when we report a
new speaker’s words.
 Indirect speech
Here are some examples
of indirect speech.
 Direct Speech
I’ve hurt my
leg!

The boy moaned that he had hurt his leg.

 Direct speech
Can you take a
deep breath?

The doctor asked the boy if he could take

a deep breath.
 Direct speech
I like this dress.

The woman said that she liked the dress.

 Indirect Speech
Use the correct punctuation to report what
was said.
I’ve caught The train will
three fish. leave in ten
minutes!

I love ice
cream.

Do you
I am a know
clever what
girl. type of
angle
this is?
 REPORTED SPEECH
is very important for legal language, because
it is used in newspaper reports of crimes and
investigations, in reports on trials, in judicial
procedure…

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 General rule:
1. When the introductory verb (say, tell, inform, state,
claim…) is in the present, present perfect or future
tense, no change in tense or adverbs of time and
place is necessary

Direct speech:
He says: “I don’t understand this question”.
Reported speech:
He says that he doesn’t understand this question.

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2. When the introductory verb is in the Past
Tense, there is a change of tense and adverbs of
time and place.

Direct speech:
He said: “I don’t understand this question”.
Reported speech:
He said that he didn’t understand that question.

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 CHANGE OF TENSES:

DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

1 present  past
s+ v1
2. present perfect  past perfect
I have eaten I had eaten
S+ have/has+ V3 S+ had+ V3
3.past  past perfect
S+V2 S+ had+ V3
4. future  past future
S+ will + V1S+ would + v1

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 CHANGE OF ADVERBS OF
TIME & PLACE
• DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
• yesterday  the day before
• tomorrow  the next/following day
• next day/week  the following day/week
• today  that day
• here  there

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 CHANGE OF IMPERATIVE
(COMMANDS, WARNINGS, REQUESTS)
• Direct speech:
He said: “Go home.”
• Reported speech:
He told me to go home. (Infinitive)

• “Stay in bed for a few days”, the doctor said to me.

 The doctor told me to stay in bed for a few days.
• “Don’t shout”, I said to Jim.  I told Jim not to shout.

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 CHANGE OF QUESTIONS
a) WH-questions: WH-word stays as conjunction
b) YES-NO-questions: we introduce conjunction if or
whether
Important: Word order changes into that of a
statement.
 D.S. He asked me: “Do you find law interesting?”
 R.S. He asked me if I found law interesting.

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• D.S. The police officer said to us: “Where are
you going?”
• R.S. The police officer asked us where we were
going.

• D.S. Clare said: “What time do the banks

close?”
• R.S. Clare wanted to know what time the
banks closed.

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SAY and TELL
• If you say who you are talking to, use tell:
– Sonia told me that you were ill. (not “Sonia said me”)
– What did you tell the police? (not “say the police”)
• Otherwise use say:
– Sonia said that you were ill. (not “Sonia told that..”)
– What did you say?
• But you can “say something to somebody”:
– Ann said goodbye to me and left. (not “Ann said me goodbye.”)
– What did you say to the police?

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 EXERCISES:
1. “I’m going out now, but I’ll be in by nine”, he said.
2. “I can’t live on my basic salary”, said Peter. “I’ll have to
offer to do overtime.”
3. “We are waiting for the school bus”, said the children. “It is
late again.”
4. “The ice will soon be hard enough to skate on”, said Tom.
“I’ll look for my skates when I get home”, Ann said.
5. “Don’t lend Harry any money”, said Lucy. “He never pays
his debts.”
6. “Get into the right lane”, said the driving instructor.
7. “Who has been using my typewriter?” he asked.
8. “Would you like to come with us?” they asked.

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• The following sentences are direct speech:

Please slow
Don’t Don’t wait for Will you down!
worry, me if I’m late. marry me?
Sue.

Now choose one of these to complete each

sentence below. Use the reported speech.
1) Sarah was driving too fast, so I asked…..
2) I didn’t want to delay Ann, so I told…..
3) John was in love with Mary, so he….
4) Sue was very pessimistic about the situation. I
told….
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• Complete the sentences with SAY or TELL.

1. Ann …. goodbye to me and left.

2. …. us about your holidays. Did you have a nice time?
3. Jack …. me that he was fed up with his job.
4. Don’t …. anybody what I …. It’s a secret just between us.
5. George couldn’t help me. He …. me to ask Kate.
6. George couldn’t help me. He …. to ask Kate.
7. I wonder where Sue is. She …. she would be here at 8
o’clock.
8. The doctor …. that I should rest for at least a week.


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Possessive Nouns

Project LA Activity
• Possessive nouns
are used to show
possession (owning,
or having).
 The sky's color is changing.
• sky + 's
• Add 's to the end of a plural noun
that does not end with an s.
 We saw the children's
snowman.
• children + 's
• Add only the apostrophe (') to
the end of a plural noun that
ends with an s.
My sisters' names are Kate and
Nikki.
• sisters + '
• Optional: If the noun is singular
and ends with an s, add 's or add
only the apostrophe (').
 The bus's engine stopped.
The bus' engine stopped.

• Note: Most sources

recommend the shorter
version if the ending "iz"
sound is not wanted.
 Can you find the noun in each
sentence that should be
possessive? Write it correctly on
your paper.
1. The Pilgrims ship was
uncomfortable.

ANSWER
1. The Pilgrims’ ship
was uncomfortable.
2. A sincere person
compliment is a
valuable gift.
ANSWER
2. A sincere person’s
compliment is a
valuable gift.
3. Mrs. Graves class
has a great website.

ANSWER
3. Mrs. Graves’ class has
a great website.
4. The class teacher
was very young.

ANSWER
4. The class’ teacher was
very young.

or class’s
5. The pony rider was
too heavy.

ANSWER
5. The pony’s rider
was too heavy.
6. Your brother
attitude got him in
trouble.
ANSWER
6. Your brother’s
attitude got him in
trouble.
7. Amy report card
was wonderful.

ANSWER
7. Amy’s report card
was wonderful.
 8. The little babies
nursery had five
beds.
ANSWER
8. The little babies’
nursery had five
beds.
9. I didn’t know I was
eating your cat tuna.

ANSWER
9. I didn’t know I was
eating your cat’s
tuna.
 10. The girls outfits
were exactly the
same.
ANSWER
10. The girls’ outfits
were exactly the
same.
 11. We were proud of
Chris performance.

ANSWER
11. We were proud of
Chris’ performance.
 How did you do?
• For more practice, print and
complete the online worksheet.
• Play the online matching game
 I asked
1. “What is your name?”
I asked what your name was
1. “Why do you hate me?”
I asked why you hated me
1. “Where is your lover now?”
2. “How do you go to UPN?”
3. “When will you meet me?”