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 Taxonomy
CLO Description PLO
level
1 Discuss various survey equipment and techniques
to be used for linear and angular measurements 1
and for computing the areas of plots C2 (Engineering
Knowledge)
Chaining on Sloping Ground
Direct Method (Stepping Method):

 The method consists in measuring the

line in short horizontal lengths called
steps.
Direct Method (Stepping Method):

 Suppose it is required to measure the horizontal distance

between the points A and B.

 The follower holds the zero end of the tape at A on

the ground and the leader opening the tape for suitable
length ( 2m to 3m) moves in the forward direction.

 The leader then stops and the follower directs him to

be in line with B. The leader then stretches the tape in
the horizontal position and transfers the end point of
the tape on the ground with the help of a plumb-bob or
by dropping a piece of stone.
Direct Method (Stepping Method):

 The follower then moves and reaches the station

occupied by the leader and then the leader moves in
the forward direction.

 The process is repeated for several times until the

whole line is chained.

 The lengths of all the steps are added up so as to

obtain the total horizontal distance.

 In this case, the horizontal distance between AB is

equal to; D = l1 + l2 + l3 + l4 + l5
For convenience and to obtain better results, chaining
is done from top of hill to the toe i.e. downhill.
 Indirect Method :

 There are further three types of indirect

methods.

 By using Clinometer / Abney Level

 By knowing the difference of level

(elevation) between two points.
 Using Clinometer / Abney Level

 The distance along the slope is

measured and then the angle of slope
i.e. angle between the sloping ground
and the horizontal surface is found
with the help of Abney’s level.

 Knowing the sloping distance say “L”

and angle of slope say α horizontal
distance, D can be calculated by the
relation,
D =L cos α
D =L cos α
 By knowing the difference of level (elevation)
between two points.

The distance along the slope is measured with chain and

the difference in elevation between the first and the end
stations is found with the help of any levelling instrument 
Knowing the sloping distance I and the
difference in elevation h, the horizontal
distance, can be found out by the relation 
= 20 in 100 = 1 in 5
 l
= 1 29m

h = 30m
Since the tape was 2.5 cm too short
e = 2.5 cm = 0.025 m

L’ = L - e
Example ( correction in the plotted area)

The area of the plan of an old survey plotted to a

scale of 1cm = 10m, now measured as 90.5cm2, as
found by Planimeter.
The plan is found to have shrunk so that a line
originally 10cm long now measure 9.5cm only.
A note on the plan states that the 20m chain used
was 9cm too short.

Find the true area of the Survey.

 Solution
1. Original area on the Plan:
A = (10/9.5)2 x 90.5 = 100.277 cm2

2. The scale of the plan is 1cm = 10m

or 1cm2 = (10)2 m2 or 1cm2 = 100 m2
Hence area on the ground = 100.277 x 100= 10027.7m2

3. Since the chain was 9 cm too short, and L = 20m

L’ = 20 – 0.09 = 19.91m
True area of the field = (19.9/20)2 x 10027.7
= 9927.674m2 or = 0.9928 hectare (1 hectare = 10000m2)