GIS LAB ASSIGNMENT – 3

Georeferencing using ArcGIS

Name – Arun Kumar Gangwar

Entry No. – 2019CEW2198

 What is Georeferencing ?
• Georeferencing means that the internal coordinate system of a digital map or aerial
photo can be related to a ground system of geographic coordinates.
• A georeferenced digital map or image has been tied to a known Earth coordinate
system, so users can determine where every point on the map or aerial photo is located
on the Earth's surface. 
• Aligning geographic data such as digital image, historical map, satellite image,
topographic map, or aerial photograph to a known coordinate system (or its appropriate
real world location) so it can be viewed, queried, and analysed with other geographic
data
Spatial Data:

Positional information of features either on the surface of earth or on

the map are called spatial data.

Digital spatial data can be represented in one of the two systems

called Vector or Point system and Raster or Cell system

Raster and vector are two very different but common data formats used to
store geospatial data.

Vector Data –
Vector data use X and Y coordinates to define the locations of points, lines, and areas
(polygons) that correspond to map features such as fire hydrants, trails, and parcels. As such,
vector data tend to define centers and edges of features.
Raster Data –
On the other hand, Raster data, use a matrix of square areas to define where features are
located. These squares, also called pixels, cells, and grids, typically are of uniform size, and
their size determines the detail that can be maintained in the dataset.
Georeferencing Using ArcGIS
• Now Open ArcMap and Select a blank map option.
•  Select the image you want to Georeference in the Layer drop box.
• From the Georeferencing toolbar click the Control Points tool to select it.
• Enter the reference coordinates in the Enter Coordinates dialog box. Click OK
• You can examine the residual error for each link and the RMS error.
Residuals are the difference between the actual coordinates of the control points and the coordinates
predicted by the geographic model created using the control points
The RMS error should be as low as possible but it is suggested that is equal or lower than the pixel
size of your data set.
• Click Georeferencing and click Rectify.
• Now Click Save to store the referenced map in .tft format.
Control Point: One first needs to establish control points, input the known geographic
coordinates of these control points.

Georeferencing Point table

Thank You