WELCOME!

WE ARE GROUP 3
DELA CRUZ, MA. ANGEL PRECIOUS B.
DIALA, LHARZ JERICHO P.
DEL MUNDO, DANICA DP.
ESGUERRA, KRISTINE JEAN N.
DELGADO, ERICKA MARIE B.
DOME, JAY ANN B.

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 TEAM PRESENTATION

DELA CRUZ, MA. ESGUERRA, DEL MUNDO, DELGADO, ERICKA DIALA, LHARZ DOME, JAY ANN
ANGEL PRECIOUS B. KRISTINE JEAN N. DANICA NICOLE DP. MARIE B. JERICHO P.
B.

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 ANOVA,
ANCOVA,
AND MANOVA
BUT FIRST LET’S ALL
WATCH THIS:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q116Zn
Ly5uA

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 An ANOVA test is a way to
find out if survey or
experiment results
are significant. In other words,
they help you to figure out if
you need to reject the null
WHAT IS
hypothesis or accept
the alternate hypothesis.
ANOVA?
Basically, you’re testing groups to see if
there’s a difference between them. Examples
of when you might want to test different groups:
◦ A group of psychiatric patients are trying
three different therapies: counseling,
medication and biofeedback. You want to
see if one therapy is better than the
others.
◦ A manufacturer has two different
processes to make light bulbs. They want
to know if one process is better than the
other.
◦ Students from different colleges take the
same exam. You want to see if one
college outperforms the other.
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WHAT IS THE 2 WAYS
OF
ANOVA?
One-way or two-way refers to the number of independent variables (IVs) in your
Analysis of Variance test.

• One-way has one independent variable (with 2 levels).

For example: brand of cereal,

• Two-way has two independent variables (it can have multiple levels).

• For example: brand of cereal, calories.

 ◦ Groups or levels are different Let’s say you are studying if an alcoholic support
groups within the same  group and individual counseling combined is the
most effective treatment for lowering alcohol
independent variable. In the above
consumption. You might split the study
example, your levels for “brand of
participants into three groups or levels:
cereal” might be Lucky Charms,
◦ Medication only,
Raisin Bran, Cornflakes

What are ◦ a total of three levels. Your levels

for “Calories” might be:
◦
◦
Medication and counseling,
Counseling only.

“Groups” or sweetened, unsweetened — a total

of two levels.

“Levels”?
Your dependent variable would be the number of alcoholic beverages consumed per day.
If your groups or levels have a hierarchical structure (each level has unique subgroups),
then use a nested ANOVA for the analysis.

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 There are two main types: one-way and two-way. Two-way tests can be with
or without replication.
◦ One-way ANOVA between groups: used when you want to test two

Types
groups to see if there’s a difference between them.
◦ Two way ANOVA without replication: used when you have one
group and you’re double-testing that same group. For example, you’re

of testing one set of individuals before and after they take a medication to
see if it works or not.

Tests
◦ Two way ANOVA with replication: Two groups, and the members of
those groups are doing more than one thing. For example, two groups
of patients from different hospitals trying two different therapies.

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 A one way ANOVA is used to compare two
means from two independent (unrelated)
ONE WAY groups using the F-distribution. The 
null hypothesis for the test is that the two 
ANOVA
means are equal. Therefore, a significant 
result means that the two means are unequal.

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◦
“
Examples of when to use a one way ANOVA
Situation 1: You have a group of individuals randomly split into
smaller groups and completing different tasks. For example, you
might be studying the effects of tea on weight loss and form
three groups: green tea, black tea, and no tea.

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◦ “
Examples of when to use a one way ANOVA
Situation 2: Similar to situation 1, but in this case the
individuals are split into groups based on an attribute they
possess. For example, you might be studying leg strength of
people according to weight. You could split participants into
weight categories (obese, overweight and normal) and measure
their leg strength on a weight machine..

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 A one way ANOVA will tell you that at
least two groups were different from each
Limitations of other. But it won’t tell you which groups
the One Way were different. If your test returns a
significant f-statistic, you may need to run
ANOVA
an ad hoc test (like the 
Least Significant Difference test) to tell
you exactly which groups had a 
difference in means.

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 Two Way ANOVA
A Two Way ANOVA is an extension of the One Way ANOVA.
With a One Way, you have one independent variable affecting a 
dependent variable. With a Two Way ANOVA, there are two
independents.

Use a two way ANOVA when you have one measurement variable

 (i.e. a quantitative variable) and two nominal variables. In other
words, if your experiment has a quantitative outcome and you have
two categorical explanatory variables, a two way ANOVA is
appropriate.

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 Two Way ANOVA
For example, you might want to find out if there is an interaction between income and
gender for anxiety level at job interviews. The anxiety level is the outcome, or the
variable that can be measured. Gender and Income are the two categorical variables.
These categorical variables are also the independent variables, which are
called factors in a Two Way ANOVA.

The factors can be split into levels. In the above example, income level
could be split into three levels: low, middle and high income. Gender could
be split into three levels: male, female, and transgender. Treatment groups
are all possible combinations of the factors. In this example there would be
3 x 3 = 9 treatment groups.

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The results from a Two Way ANOVA will
calculate a main effect and an interaction effect
. The main effect is similar to a One Way
Two null hypotheses are tested if you are
placing one observation in each cell. For
this example, those hypotheses would
be:

Main ANOVA:
Each factor’s effect is considered separately.
H01: All the income groups have equal
mean stress.

Effect With the interaction effect, all factors are

considered at the same time.
H02: All the gender groups have equal

and Interaction effects between factors are easier to

test if there is more than one observation in
mean stress.
For multiple observations in cells, you
each cell.
Interaction For the above example, multiple stress scores
would also be testing a third hypothesis:

could be entered into cells. If you do enter

Effect multiple observations into cells, the number in

each cell must be equal.
H03: The factors are independent or the
interaction effect does not exist.
An F-statistic is computed for each
hypothesis you are testing.

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 ANCOVA is a blend of  Although ANCOVA is usually used when
analysis of variance (ANOVA) and there are differences between your
regression. It is similar to  baseline groups (Senn, 1994; Overall,
factorial ANOVA, in that it can tell you 1993), it can also be used in 
what additional information you can get pretest/posttest analysis when 
by considering one  regression to the mean affects your
independent variable (factor) at a time, posttest measurement (Bonate, 2000).
without the influence of the others. It
WHAT IS can be used as: The technique is also common in non-
experimental research (e.g. surveys) and

ANCOVA? ◦ An extension of multiple

regression to compare multiple
regression lines,
◦ An extension of analysis of
variance.
for quasi-experiments (when study
participants can’t be assigned randomly).
However, this particular application of
ANCOVA is not always recommended
(Vogt, 1999).

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 When used as an extension of multiple regression, ANCOVA can test all of
the regression lines to see which have different Y intercepts as long as the 
slopes for all lines are equal.
Extension Like regression analysis, ANCOVA enables you to look at how an 

of independent variable acts on a dependent variable. ANCOVA removes any

effect of covariates, which are variables you don’t want to study.

Multiple
For example, you might want to study how different levels of teaching skills
Regression affect student performance in math; It may not be possible to randomly assign
students to classrooms. You’ll need to account for systematic differences
between the students in different classes (e.g. different initial levels of math
skills between gifted and mainstream students).

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 Example

You might want to find out if a new drug works for

depression. The study has three treatment
groups and one control group. A
regular ANOVA can tell you if the treatment works.
ANCOVA can control for other factors that might
influence the outcome.

For example: family life, job status, or drug use.

 As an extension of ANOVA, ANCOVA can be used in two
ways (Leech et. al, 2005):

Extension ◦ To control for covariates (typically continuous or

variables on a particular scale) that aren’t the main
of focus of your study.

ANOVA ◦ To study combinations of categorical and continuous

variables, or variables on a scale as predictors. In this
case, the covariate is a variable of interest (as
opposed to one you want to control for).

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 ANCOVA can explain within-group variance. It takes the 
unexplained variances from the ANOVA test and tries to
explain them with confounding variables (or other covariates).

Within- You can use multiple possible covariates. However, more you
Group enter, the fewer degrees of freedom you’ll have.

Variance Entering a weak covariate isn’t a good idea as it will reduce the 

statistical power. The lower the power, the less likely you’ll be
able to rely on the results from your test. Strong covariates have
the opposite effect: it can increase the power of your test.

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 General steps for ANCOVA ARE:

◦
“
Run a regression between the independent and 
dependent variables.

◦ Identify the residual values from the results.

◦ Run an ANOVA on the residuals.

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 Assumptions are basically the same as Software can usually check the following
the ANOVA assumptions. Check that the assumptions.
following are true before running the
◦ Normality: the dependent variable should
test:
be roughly normal for each of category of 
◦ Independent variables (minimum independent variables.
of two) should be 
◦ Data should show 
Assumptions for ◦
categorical variables.
The dependent variable and
homogeneity of variance.
◦ The covariate and dependent variable
ANCOVA covariate should be continuous
variables (measured on an 
(at each level of independent variable)
should be linearly related.
interval scale or ratio scale.)
◦ Your data should be homoscedastic of Y
◦ Make sure observations are
for each value of X.
independent. In other words, don’t
put people into more than one ◦ The covariate and the 
group. independent variable shouldn’t
interact. In other words, there should be
homogeneity of regression slopes.

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 MANOVA is just an ANOVA with several dependent variables. It’s
similar to many other tests and experiments in that it’s purpose is to
find out if the response variable (i.e. your dependent variable) is
changed by manipulating the independent variable. The test helps to
answer many research questions, including:

What is ◦ Do changes to the independent variables have statistically

significant effects on dependent variables?
MANOVA?
◦ What are the interactions among dependent variables?

◦ What are the interactions among independent variables?

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 Suppose you wanted to find out if a difference in textbooks
affected students’ scores in math and science. Improvements in
math and science means that there are two dependent variables,
so a MANOVA is appropriate.

MANOVA
Example An ANOVA will give you a single (univariate) f-value while a
MANOVA will give you a multivariate F value. MANOVA tests
the multiple dependent variables by creating new, artificial,
dependent variables that maximize group differences. These new
dependent variables are linear combinations of the measured
dependent variables.

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 If the multivariate F value indicates the test is 
statistically significant, this means that something is
significant. In the above example, you would not know if
Interpreting the math scores have improved, science scores have improved
MANOVA (or both). Once you have a significant result, you would
then have to look at each individual component (the
results univariate F tests) to see which dependent variable(s)
contributed to the statistically significant result.

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 Advantages
◦ MANOVA enables you to
Advantages and test multiple dependent
Disadvantages of variables.
MANOVA
◦ MANOVA can protect
against Type I errors.
Disadvantages
◦ MANOVA is many times more
complicated than ANOVA, making it a
challenge to see which independent
variables are affecting dependent
variables.
◦ One degree of freedom is lost with the
◦
addition of each new variable.
The dependent variables should be
uncorrelated as much as possible. If
they are correlated, the loss in degrees
of freedom means that there isn’t much
advantages in including more than one
dependent variable on the test.
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 One-way MANOVA compares two or more
continuous response variables (e.g. Test Score
and Annual Income) by a single factor
variable (e.g. Level of Education).

Two-way MANOVA compares two or more

continuous response variables (e.g. Test
Score and Annual Income) by two or more
factor variables (e.g. Level of Education and
Zodiac Sign).

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REFERENCES:

◦ http://www.statsmakemecry.com/smmctheblog/stats-soup-an
ova-ancova-manova-mancova

◦ https://www.statology.org/differences-between-anova-ancov
a-manova-mancova/

◦ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q116ZnLy5uA

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THANKS!
Any questions?

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