Slide Presentations for ECE 329,

Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields,

to supplement “Elements of Engineering
Electromagnetics, Sixth Edition”

by

Nannapaneni Narayana Rao

Edward C. Jordan Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
Distinguished Amrita Professor of Engineering
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
 5.1

Gradient, Laplacian, and

the Potential Functions
 5.1-3

Gradient and the Potential Functions

ax ay az
  
×A 
x y z
Ax Ay Az
  
  × A    × A  x    × A  y    × A  z
x y z
  
x y z
   
x y z
Ax Ay Az
0
 5.1-4

Since  B  0,
B can be expressed as the curl of a vector.

Thus
B=A

A is known as the magnetic vector potential.

Then

 × E =    × A
t
A
  ×
t
 5.1-5

 A 
 ×E+ 0
 t 
A
E+  
t
A
E =  
t
is known as the electric scalar potential.
    
   ax  ay + az  
 x y z 
  
 ax  ay  az
x y z
is the gradient of 
 5.1-6

ax ay az
  
 ×  
x y z
   x    y    z
ax ay az
  
 x y z
  
x y z
0
 5.1-7

Basic definition of 
Q  x  dx, y  dy, z  dz 
  d
dl

P  x, y , z 
d     d l
From this, we get
d
  an
dn
   Maximum rate of increase of 
an  direction of the maximum rate of increase, which
occurs normal to the constant  surface.
 5.1-8
B
×E= 
t
D 
×H=J+ 
t 
  D =  

 B = 0
B=×A
A
E =  
t 
and using  A =  
t
 2
 
 2    2  
t  Potential function
 2
A equations
 A   2    J
2

t
 5.1-9

    
2
Laplacian of scalar

 2 A =    A    ×  × A Laplacian of vector

In Cartesian coordinates,

   2 2 2
  2  2  2
2

x y z

 2 A =   2 Ax  ax    2 Ay  a y    2 Az  a z
 Slide Presentations for ECE 329,
Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields,
to supplement “Elements of Engineering
Electromagnetics, Sixth Edition”

by

Nannapaneni Narayana Rao

Edward C. Jordan Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
Distinguished Amrita Professor of Engineering
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
 5.2

Potential Functions for

Static Fields
 5.2-12

   0     × A

   
×E=    ×E + 0
t  t 

E+   
t

E =  
t

For static fields, 0
t
 5.2-13

E  
B B
 A
E  d l    d l
A
B
  d 
A

   B
A

  A  B
B
But,  A
E  d l  VA  VB
 voltage between A and B
also known as the potential difference between A and
B, for the static case.
 5.2-14

  V
E  V
Given the charge distribution, find V using superposition.
Then find E using the above.
For a point charge at the origin,
Q
V
4  r
Since V
E   V   ar
r
  Q 
   ar
 r  4  r 
Q
 a
4  r 2 r

agrees with the previously known result.

 5.2-15

Thus for a point charge at an arbitrary location P

Q
V P
4  R R

a 1
Q
dz  
P5.9 z
z

2
- a
 5.2-16

Considering the element of length dz at (0, 0, z), we have

L 0 dz 
dV 
4  r   z  z  
2 2

Using z  z   r tan 
d z    r sec2 d

 L 0 r sec  d2
dV 
4  r sec 
 L 0
 sec  d
4 
 5.2-17

a
V  1 dV
z  a

L 0 1

4     2
sec  d

L 0 1
 1n  sec   tan   
4  2

L 0 sec 2  tan 2
 1n
4  sec 1  tan 1

r   z  a   z  a
2 2
L 0
 1n
4  r   z  a   z  a
2 2

for z  a
 5.2-18

Magnetic vector potential due to a current element

 I dl P
A R
4 R I dl

Analogous to
Q
V
4  R
 Slide Presentations for ECE 329,
Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields,
to supplement “Elements of Engineering
Electromagnetics, Sixth Edition”

by

Nannapaneni Narayana Rao

Edward C. Jordan Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
Distinguished Amrita Professor of Engineering
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
 5.3

Poisson’s and Laplace’s

Equations
 5.3-21
Poisson’s Equation
For static electric field,
B
×E=  0
t
E =  V
Then from
 D = 
  V   

If  is uniform,   V   

 V  

  Poisson’s
 V 
 equation
 5.3-22
If is nonuniform, then using

       ,

   V    V  V  
Thus
  V  V    
  V   V   

2V 2V 2V 

Assuming uniform , we have  2  2 
x 2
y z 

2V 
For the one-dimensional case of V(x), 
x 2

 5.3-23
D5.7
Anode, x = d
V = V0
43
x
V  V0   Vacuum Diode
d 
Cathode, x = 0
V=0

(a)  V  x d 8
43 43
 1   1 
 V0    V0  81 2 
 8  
1 V0
 V0 2 3 
8 4
 5.3-24

(b)  E  x  d 8    V  x  d 8
 V 
  ax 
 x  x  d 8
 4V0  x 1 3 
    ax 
 3d  d   x  d 8
13
4V0  1 
   ax
3d  8 
2V0
 ax
3d
 5.3-25

(c)    xd 8   0   V  x  d 8
 2V 
 0  2 
 x  x d 8
 4V0  x  2 3 
 0  2   
 9d  d   x  d 8
2 3
4V0  1 
  0 2  
9d  8 
4V0
  0 2  8 
23

9d
16  0V0

9d 2
 5.3-26
Laplace’s Equation
If Poisson’s equation becomes

 V    0 for uniform 



 V    V     0 for nonuniform 

Let us consider uniform first

Parallel-plate capacitor
x = d, V= V0

x = 0, V = 0
 5.3-27

Neglecting fringing of field at edges,

V  V  x

  2
V
 V  2  0
x
V
A
x

V  Ax  B General solution
 5.3-28
Boundary conditions

V  0 at x  0
V  V0 at x  d
0  0 B  B  0
V0
V0  Ad  0  A 
d
V0
V  x Particular solution
d
V
E  V   ax
x
V0
  ax
d
 5.3-29

ax   E x 0 for x  0

S  an  D  


ax   E x  d for x  d

  V0
ax   d ax for x  0



a   V0 a for x  d


 x d x
x=d
  V0 + + + +
 d for x  0 ax
x
 e ax
  V0 for x  d - - - - x=0
 d
 5.3-30

Q  S A area of plates
 V0 A

d
Q A
C 
V0 d
For nonuniform 
 2V   V  0
For V  V  x ,
2V     V 
 2    0
x  x   x 
  V 
 0
x  x 
 5.3-31

Example

x = d, V = V0
 x 
   0 1  
 2 d 
x = 0, V = 0

   x  V 
0 1    0
x   2d  x 
  x  V 
 1    0
x  2d  x 
 x  V
1   A
 2d  x
 5.3-32
V A

x 1  2xd
 x 
V  2 Ad 1n 1   B
 2d 
V  0 for x  0
0  2 Ad 1n 1  B  B  0
V  V0 for x  d
3 V0
V0  2 Ad 1n  A 
2 2d 1n 32
V0  x 
V  1n 1  
1n 1.5  2d 
 5.3-33
V
Ε  V   ax
x
V0 1
 x
ax
2d 1n 1.5 1  2d
 0 V0
D Ε=  ax
2d 1n 1.5
 0 V0
S x  0   S x  d 
2d 1n 1.5
 V A
Q  S A  0 0
2d 1n 1.5
Q 0 A
C 
V0 2d 1n 1.5
C 0

A 2d 1n 1.5