PRESUPPOSITION AND ENTAILMENT

Group Member :
Lailatul Istiqomah
Ainiyah
Helen Puspita Ningsih
Hoyrul Rohman
Hamdan Zulva
 PRESUPPOSITION
What is presupposition?
Presupposition is what the speaker assumes to be the case prior to
making an utterance. It’s the speakers, not the sentences that have
presuppositions.
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Example:
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A. If someone tells you "Your brother is waiting outside" there is an

obvious presupposition that you have a brother.

B. If you are asked, ``Why did you arrive late?", there is a presupposition
that you did arrive late.
 ENTAILMENT
What is Entailment?
Entailment is the relationship between two sentences/proposition,
where the truth of one proposition implies the truth of the other since
both of them are involved with the meaning of words.

For example:
a. The terrorists assassinated the king.
b . The king died.
c. The terrorists assassinated someone.
 TYPES OF PRESUPPOSITION
1. Existential Presupposition
It is the assumption of the
existence of the entities
named by the speaker.
Example:
When a speaker says
"Tom’s car is new", we
can presuppose that Tom
exists and that he has a
car.
2. Factive Presupposition
It is the assumption that
something is true due to
the presence of some
verbs such as "know" and
"realize" and of phrases
involving glad, for
example.
 TYPES OF PRESUPPOSITION
3. Lexical Presupposition
In using one word, the
speaker can act as if
another meaning (word) will
be understood.
Example:
Andrew stopped running.
(He used to run.)
You are late again.
(You were late before.)
4. Structural Presupposition
It is the assumption
associated with the use of
certain words and
phrases.
Example:
When did she travel to the
USA?
( she traveled)
Where did you buy the
book?
(>> you bought the book)
 TYPES OF PRESUPPOSITION
5. Non- factive Presupposition
It is an assumption that
something is not true. For
example, verbs like
"dream", "imagine" and
"pretend".
Example:
I dreamed that I was rich.
(I am not rich)
6. Counterfactual Presupposition
It is the assumption that
what is presupposed is
not only untrue, but is the
opposite of what is true,
or contrary to facts.
Example:
If you were my daughter, I
would not allow you to do
this.
(you are not my daughter)
A. The Difference Between Presupposition and Entailment
1. Presupposition: Presupposition is an assumption a speaker makes prior
to making an utterance.
Entailment: Entailment is the relation between sentences or propositions.
2. Speakers vs Sentences:
Presupposition: Speakers have presuppositions.
Entailment: Sentences have entailments.
3. Truth
Presupposition: The negation of the first utterance may not affect the
second sentence.
Her car is new.
She has a car.
Negation: Her car is new.
She has a car.→ presupposition is not changed.

Entailment: The negation of the first sentence will affect the truth of the
second sentence.

The king was assassinated.

The king died.
Negation: The king was not assassinated.
The king died. → not true.
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Thank you!