Water Supply and Sewage

Treatment

Course Name :Water Supply and Sewage

Course Number : WEE 3175
Credit Hours 3-2-1(3hrs Lectures ,2hrs Tutorial & 1hrs)
Prerequisite : HE: 2133 (Hydraulics-II)
Section : G1,2 &3 CIVIL
Instructor : ABDIKADIR.A

Academic Year : 2017/18

 Course Objectives
Course Objectives:
◦ Learning objectives can be formulated as:
 The objective of this course is to give students a broad
understanding of population forecasting, water demand,
water source, collection and distribution of water & how
water is treated for safe consumption
 The general idea about water supply and sewage
treatment techniques
 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Importance And Necessity For Planned
Water Supplies
 Next to the air, the other important requirement
for human life to exists is water. Water is
available in various forms such as rivers, lake,
streams etc. The earliest civilizations organized
on the banks of major river systems and
required water for drinking, bathing, cooking
etc.

November 2010
 1.2 NEED FOR PROTECTED WATER
SUPPLY
 Protected water supply means the supply of water
that is treated to remove the impurities and made
safe to public health. Water may be polluted by
physical and bacterial agents. Water is also good
carrier of disease causing germs. The causes of
outbreak of epidemics are traced to pollute water
and poor sanitation hospital are continued to be
flooded with the sick due to ignorance about health
continues to be profound.

November 2010
 Cont…
 The objectives of the community water supply
system are
 To provide whole some water to the consumers for drinking
purpose.
 To supply adequate quantity to meet at least the minimum needs of
the individuals.
 To make adequate provisions for emergencies like fire fighting,
festivals, meeting etc.
 To make provision for future demands due to increase in
population, increase in standard of living, storage and conveyance.
 To prevent pollution of water at source, storage and conveyance.
 To maintain the treatment units and distribution system in good
condition with adequate staff and materials.
 To design and maintain the system that is economical and reliable.

November 2010
 1.3 WHOLE SOME WATER
 Absolutely pure water is never found in nature and
which contains only two parts of hydrogen and one
part of oxygen by volume. But the water found in
nature contains number of impurities in varying
amounts.
The following are the requirements of wholesome
water.
1. It should be free from bacteria
2. It should be colourless and sparkling
3. It should be tasty, odour free and cool
4. It should be free from objectionable matter
5. It should not carrode pipes
6. It should have dissolved oxygen and free from carbonic acid so
that it may remain fresh
November 2010
 2.QUANTITY OF WATER
Introduction
 In the design of any water work projects, it is necessary
to estimate the amount of water that is required. This
involves:-

◦ Determination of people who will be served

◦ per capita water consumption
◦ Analysis of the factors
 1.2 Types of demands
Various Types of Demands

 Domestic water demand

 Industrial and commercial water demand
 Demand for public use
 Fire demand
 Water required to compensate losses in wastes
 Water Demand
Domestic water demand
• This includes the water required in private buildings for drinking,
cooking, bathing, gardening, sanitary purposes, etc.
• The total domestic consumption generally amounts to 55 to 60% of the
total water consumption.

Industrial & commercial water demand

• This includes the quantity of water required to be supplied to offices,
factories, different industries, big hotels, hospitals, etc.
20 to 25% of the total water consumption.
 Water Demand
Demand for public use
• This includes the quantity of water required for public utility
purposes, such as watering of public parks, gardening,
washing and sprinkling on the roads, use in public fountains
and etc.
Fire demand
• The quantity of water required to fight fire. There are
formulas to estimate Fire demand ,
 a. National board of fire underwriter formulas.
Q = 64 √ P (1 – 0.01√P)
Where Q = rate of flow of water in l/sec
P = Population in thousand
b. Freeman formula.
Q = 1135.5 ((P⁄ 10) + 10)
Where Q is in lit/min
c. Kuichling formula.
Q = 3182 √P
Where Q is in lit / min
P is in thousands
 Water Demand
 Water required to compensate losses in wastes
• this includes the water lost in leakage due to
bad plumbing or damage meters, stolen water
due to unauthorized water connections and
other losses.
 Generally ,allowance of 15 – 20% of total
quantity of water is made to compensate for
the losses.
 1.3 Factors Affecting Water Demand

o Size of the city

o Climatic condition
o Characteristics of population
o Quality of water supplies
o Pressure in distribution system
o Cost of water
o System of supply
o Policy of metering and method of charging
 Factors Affecting water
 Size of City demand
The per capita water demand of the town, will
increase with the size of the town, because more
water will be required in street washing, running
of sewers, maintenance of parks and gardens

 Climatic condition
The quantity of water required in hotter and dry
places is more due to use sprinkling of water in
garden, washing of clothes and bathing.
 Factors Affecting Water Demand

Living standard of the people

 The per capita demand of the town increase with the standard
of living of the people. The people will start using room coolers,
use of flush latrines, use of automatic dish washing and others.

 pressure in the distribution system

 the rate of water consumption increases with the increase in
the pressure of the distribution system. The water reaches the
upper storey of the building only if it is released with the
required pressure.
If the pressure  - more water loss due to leakage, wastage
 Variation in rate of consumption

Per capita demand: means the annual consumption of water. It

was therefore, defined as the annual average daily consumption
per person.

per capita Demand = Q / P*365

Where Q: – is the total quantity of water required by a town per
year in liter.
P: - The population of the town
 seasonal variation:

Large amount of water uses in summer season, and lesser user in winter.
 2.Design Period and Population
Forecasting
2.1 Design period
The number of years for which the designs of water
works have been done is known as design period.
These period should neither be too short or too
long.
Mostly water works are designed for design period
of 20 – 30 years.
 Factor, which should be kept in view
while fixing the design period:
Fund
The life of the material used in project
(pipes, structural materials )
Anticipated expansion of the town
 The rate of interest on the loan taken
 2.2 Population Forecasting
 When the design period is fixed the next step is to
determine the population in various periods, because the
population of the towns generally goes on increasing.

 Thereare three major factors which affect change in

population:
 Birth
 Death
 Migration
 s e n o t a lk in t h e
Plea
class
Be Attention
&
Lecture two

BY : A.A.
 Population forecasting
Methods of population forecasting
Arithmetical increase method
Geometrical increase method
Incremental increase method
Decreasing rate method
 Logistic Curve method
 Simple graphical method
Master plan method
CSA method
 Population forecasting

 
 Population forecasting
◦ By integrating both sides the above equation:
Pn – Po = C (tn – t0 )
Such that;
Pn = P o+ C n
Where; Pn -is population after n decade
Po -is present population
n -is number of years in decade
C - constant
 This method is generally applicable to a large and old
city.
 Population forecasting
o Geometrical increase method
In this method it is assumed that the percentage increase in
population from decade to decade remains constant.
 If the present population is Po and average percentage growth is k,
the population at the end of n decade will be:
P1 = Po + KPo = Po (1 + k)
P2 = p1 + kp1 = p1 (1 + k) = po (1 + k) (1 + k) = po (1+k)2
P3 = p2+ kp2 = p2 (1 + k) = po (1 + k) (1 + k) (1 + k) = p o (1+k)3

Pn = po (1 + k)n where po = initial population ,P n = popn at n decades ,n

= Decades &
k = Percentage (geometric) increase
 This method is mostly applicable for growing towns and cities
having vast scope of expansion.
 o Incremental increase method

 This method is the combination of the above two methods and,

therefore gives the advantages of both arithmetic and
geometric increase methods and gives satisfactory results.
o Decreasing rate method
 In this method, the average decrease in the percentage increase is
worked out and is then subtracted from the latest percentage
increase for each successive decades.
 This method is applicable to average size cities growing under
normal condition
 Logistic Curve method
When the population of a town is
plotted with respect time the curve so
obtained under normal condition is s –
shaped curve and is known as logistic
curve.
 Simple graphical method.
 In this method the popn curve (the popn
vs. year) are correctly plotted to a suitable
scale on the graph. Then the curve is
smoothly extended to forecast the future
popn.
END CH.1.2
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