1

ROKWBPTKHAH LACKCBN — KHBA

Ckdbodkatura bo Xbdoncnlåa y Ahekokstradkôo hb Beprbsas
DBK9 Wkcca Oubva
Jnrarkn9 Tá`ahn 1<966
Dursn9 pcaobadkôo
Bstratëlkda
Xutnr9 B h l a r Acgrbhn
Tkluboza Côpbz

XAPBA ON. :

Dapåtucns 109 Kokdkatkvas b e pr b o h b h n ra s y ckhbrazln bstratëlkdn

Dapåtucns 149 L n ` kb r o n dnrpnratkvn, rbspnosa`kckhah sndkac y
hbsarrnccn

 
 Apbcckhns9 Euraccbs Lnozacbz
One`rbs9 Earkaon Hb Ibsus
Daroë9 1;6677<2
Gbdja hb botrbla9 01/11/0606
 0

Xa`ca hb
dnotbokhn
KOXPNHRDDKNO..................................................................................................................................4
N@IBXKWNT..........................................................................................................................................8
PBTREBO HB CBDXRPAT9...................................................................................................................2
DAVKXRCN 10...................................................................................................................................... 2
Ckhbrazln bstratëlkdn.....................................................................................................................2
Dkdcn hb vkha hb cas nrlaokzadknobs................................................................................................ 2
Bc bspårktu beprbohbhnr b khbotigdadkôo.......................................................................................7
Ductura beprbohbhnra................................................................................................................... <
Kokdkativas beprbohbhnras b koonvadkôo........................................................................................<
DAVÅXRCN 14...................................................................................................................................... :
Ln`kbron dnrpnrativn.....................................................................................................................:
Ëtida beprbsarkac............................................................................................................................:
Pbspnosa`kckhah sndkac................................................................................................................... ;
Hbsarrnccn sustbota`cb................................................................................................................... ;
Hbsarrnccn dnrpnrativn sustbota`cb.............................................................................................. 16
VPBLROXAT9...............................................................................................................................
......16
DAVKXRCN 10....................................................................................................................................
16
¾Quë bs ckhbrazln bstratëlkdn y dnepbtitivkhah>.........................................................................16
¾Duácbs sno cas prkodkpacbs btapas bo bc dkdcn hb vkha hb uoa
nrlaokzadkôo>................................16
¾Quë bs bc bspårktu beprbohbhnr>...............................................................................................16
¾Duácbs sno cas dkodn hkebosknobs hb uoa ductura
beprbohbhnra>............................................16
¾Duác bs ca rbcadkôo botrb uoa kokdkativa beprbohbhnra y ca
koonvadkôo>....................................11 DAVKXRCN
14.................................................................................................................................... 11
¾Quë bs bc ln`kbron dnrpnrativn y duácbs sno cas prkodkpacbs cbybs qub sb `usdao
bsta`cbdbr>...11
¾Quë bs ëtida beprbsarkac>..........................................................................................................
11
¾Quë bs rbspnosa`kckhah
sndkac>...................................................................................................11
¾Quë bs bc hbsarrnccn sustbota`cb>..............................................................................................
11
¾Duácbs sno cas prkodkpacbs btapas para bca`nrar uo pcao bstratëlkdn
 4

Hbtbrekob vbotaias y hbsvbotaias hbc prndbsn hb rbspnosa`kckhah sndkac bo su

nrlaokzadkôo.....10 Hbtbrekob cas vbotaias y hbsvbotaias hbc tipn hb ckhbrazln bo su
nrlaokzadkôo..........................14 Hbtbrekob cas vbotaias y hbsvbotaias hb dnepbtitivkhah bo su
nrlaokzadkôo..............................14
DNODCRTKNOBT............................................................................................................................
....14
PBDNEBOHADKNOBT........................................................................................................................
18

@K@CKNLPAGÅA...................................................................................................................................
12

Ca b stra tb lka h b ` b dnotar dno K OouX gPbuNbtH

r cRbhkDarDzKlNn Obstratëlkdn. R o

ckhbrazln h b tac dcasb y aepcktuh qub kodbotkvb bc bspårktu beprbohbhnr bo tnhns cns
okvbcbs hb ca
nrlaokzadkôo, y prnvnqub ca koonvadkôo dapaz h b rbonvar y rbvktackzar dnotkouaebotba ca
beprbsa.
 8

N@IBXK
WNT

Ca kepcbebotadkôo y ca bibdudkôo hb ca pcaobadkôo bstratëlkda.

 Ca pcaobadkôo hb`b kodcukr kotblrar y skodrnokzar tnhas cas dnohkdknobs
obdbsarkas para bc ëxktn.

Gnebotar bc kepadtn pnsktkvn hb cas beprbsas bo ca sndkbhah.

Dnovkbrtb bc ëxktn bo tu entnr 
 2

PBTREBO HB CBDXRPAT9
DAVKXRCN 10
Ckhbrazln bstratëlkdn
Bs ca dapadkhah hb aotkdkpar, vkscue`rar y eaotbobr ca gcbxk`kckhah aså d n e n hb
sa`br hbcblar gaductahbs para drbar bc dae`kn bstratëlkdn duaohn sba obdbsarkn.
Xae`këo apckda ahekokstrar pnr ebhkn hb cas pbrsnoas, ca tntackhah hb cns rbdursns
hb ca nrlaokzadkôo y on tao sncn uoa uokhah guodknoac y agrnotar bc dae`kn daha
vbz e á s rápkhn y prnguohn qub daradtbrkza bc bsdboarkn adtuac hb ca dnepbtbodka.
Hb`khn a rbsta dnepcbikhah y a dae`kn hb cns cåhbrbs bstratëlkdns tkbobo qub
aprbohbr a kogcukr, bc ckhbrazln bstratëlkdn kodcuyb cns aspbdtns euctkguodknoacbs
qub sb hbsdrk`bo a dnotkouadkôo9
1. Hbtbrekoar ca hkrbddkôo bstratëlkda.
0. Bxpcnrar y hbsarrnccn dnepbtbodkas bsbodkacbs.
4. Hbsarrnccn hb dapktac jueaon.
8. Tustbotar uoa ductura nrlaokzadknoac bgdaz.
2. Ëoasks bo cas prádtidas ëtidas.
7. Dnotrncbs nrlaokzadknoacbs.

Dkdcn hb vkha hb cas nrlaokzadknobs

Bo daha btapa hb su bvncudkôo uoa nrlaokzadkôo `usda ca ahaptadkôo hbc
dnepnrtaekbotn hb cns cåhbrbs y hkrbdtkvns qub kepckdao cns hb`khns dae`kns bo
cns prndbsns y bo cas pbrsnoas, dno uoa dapadktadkôo dnostaotb y hbsarrnccn
nrlaokzadknoac.

 Ahkzbs, prnpnob uo enhbcn hb bvncudkôo hb cas nrlaokzadknobs a cn carln hb uo

dkdcn hb vkha, hbshb bc kokdkn hb cas adtkvkhahbs j a s t a bc gkoac, y hbgkob duatrn
guodknobs hbc ckhbrazln qub bxpckdao bc pnrquë, bc duáohn y bc d ôen sb hbsarrnccao
cas ducturas nrlaokzadknoacbs y cns bstkcns hb ahekokstradkôo.
 7

Vara bc dkdcn hb vkha hb cas nrlaokzadknobs, ahkzbs sulkbrb 16 gasbs sbebiaotbs a

cas qub traosektb cns sbrbs jueaons9

1. Boaenraekbotn (paBk)
0. Koaodka (Vabk)
4. Vrkebrns pasns (VaBk)
8. Ahncbsdbodka (VAbk)
2. Vcboktuh (VABk) 7.
Bsta`kckhah (Vabc)
<. Arkstndradka (pAbc)
: . Pbdrkekoadkôo (-A-
k)
; . @urndradka (-A--) y
eubrtb (---)

Bc bspårktu
1. Obdbskhah hb rbackzadkôo9 sb rbgkbrb a ca obdbskhah hb rnepbr bc bstatus adtuac,
beprbohbhnr b
hb dnepbtkr para acdaozar uoa o n r e a bcbvaha hb bxdbcbodka y sbotkrsb
khbotkgkdadkôo
pbrsnoacebotb rbspnosa`cb pnr cas tarbas y cns n`ibtkvns qub ca pbrsnoa sb
Bc bspårktu
atrk`uyb a så ek sea. Bs bc kepucsn pnr ebinrar dnotkouaebotb. Cns
beprbohbhnr tkbob
beprbohbhnrbs pnsbbo uoa bo nre b obdbskhah hb rbackzadkôo bo rbcadkôo
trbs daradtbråstkdas
dno bc rbstn hb ca pn`cadkôo lbobrac. Ca e k s ea daradtbråstkda sb bodnotrô bo
prkodkpacbs9
cns bibdutkvns qub acdaozao bc ëxktn b o cas nrlaokzadknobs y cas
dnrpnradknobs
0. Hkspnskdkôo a asuekr rkbslns9 bc beprbohbhnr a s u e b rkbslns duaohn hbgkbohb
khbas koonvahnras y b d j a a aohar prnybdtns oubvns y hkgbrbotbs. Tb trata
hb rbspnosa`kckhahbs ahkdknoacbs qub kodnrpnra a su tra`ain. On n`staotb,
cas pbrsnoas qub tkbobo uoa bonreb obdbskhah hb rbackzadkôo sb kovncudrao
bo sktuadknobs arrkbslahas sncn j a s t a bc puotn bo bc qub pubhbo bibrdbr dkbrtn
dnotrnc sn`rb bc rbsuctahn, bo dneparadkôo dno sktuadknobs hb i u b l n hnohb
bc rbsuctahn sncn hbpbohb hb ca subrtb
Dnogaoza
4. bo så eksen9  qukbo dnogåa bo så e k s e n sb skbotb dapaz hb bodarar cns
hbsagåns hb su botnron y tkbob hnekokn sn`rb cns prn`cbeas qub agrnota. Cas
kovbstkladknobs arrniao qub cns beprbohbhnrbs bxktnsns sno pbrsnoas
kohbpbohkbotbs qub hkvksao cns prn`cbeas kojbrbotbs a uo oubvn prnybdtn,
pbrn qub drbbo bo sus ja`kckhahbs pbrsnoacbs para supbrarcns. J a y hns
gnreas hb drbbr bo bc ëxktn9 Tb hkdb qub cas pbrsnoas qub pkbosao qub su
ëxktn hbpbohb hb sus prnpkns bsgubrzns y ja`kckhahbs tkbobo uo bognqub
kotbron hb dnotrnc. Tb hkdb qub cas pbrsnoas qub pkbosao qub su bxkstbodka
bstá e á s dnotrncaha pnr ca subrtb n bc azar tkbobo uo bognqub bxtbron hb
dnotrnc. Cas kovbstkladknobs rbvbcao qub cns beprbohbhnrbs tkbobo uo
bognqub kotbron hb dnotrnc e u y supbrknr ac qub tkbob ca pn`cadkôo bo

lbobrac.
 <

Ductura beprbohbhnra
Cas kokdkatkvas beprbohbhnras dnrpnratkvas on surlbo hb ca oaha, taepndn `rntao
hb gnrea oaturac n bspnotáoba. Bs obdbsarkn s b e ` r a r y dnsbdjar uoa ductura
beprbohbhnra hb eaob ra ahbduaha. Ca nrlaokzadkôo tkbob qub drbar uoa ductura
qub hbsarrnccb b kodbotkvb bc bspårktu beprbohbhnr bo sus bepcbahns. Bstn
rbqukbrb tkbepn, bsgubrzn y hbhkdadkôo, y h b ` b partkr hbc ckhbrazln bstratëlkdn cas

dkodn hkebosknobs prkodkpacbs hb uoa nrkbotadkôo beprbohbhnra sno9

1. Autnoneåa9 para qub cas pbrsnoas pradtkqubo addknobs hb kokdkatkva
pbrsnoac sko rbstrkddknobs n ckektadknobs y qub, taotn bccas dnen cns bqukpns,
sb pubhao autn hkrklkr dno pcboa kohbpbohbodka. Bstn rbqukbrb qub ca acta
lbrbodka hb ca nrlaokzadkôo cbs `rkohb tnha su dnogkaoza y apnyn
0. y sb kovncudrbo bo bc hbsarrnccn hb oubvas khbas, onvbhahbs,
bxpbrkebotadkôo y prndbsns drbatkvns. Bstn rbqukbrb dapadktadkôo y
dnondkekbotn, e u d j a kovbrskôo bo botrboaekbotn y hbsarrnccn hb cas
pbrsnoas
4. Asuodkôo hb rkbslns9 para qub bc pbrsnoac adbptb rkbslns bo ca `ùsqubha
hb npnrtuokhahbs hb ebrdahn. Bstn rbqukbrb, pnr uo cahn, ck`brtah hb addkôo
para qub cas pbrsnoas bsdniao oubvns ebhkns y sncudknobs para sus
adtkvkhahbs sko t b en r a sbr saodknoahns n a bqukvndarsb y, pnr ntrn cahn,
cas ebtas y cns n`ibtkvns qub hb`bo acdaozar.
8. Vrnadtkvkhah9 para qub cas pbrsnoas sbao partb hb uoa nrlaokzadkôo cåhbr y
on sblukhnra hb ntras. Cas ducturas nrlaokzadknoacbs prnadtkvas utkckzao
prndbsns para aotkdkpar cas obdbskhahbs guturas hbc ebrdahn y para
satksgadbrcas aotbs hb qub ca dnepbtbodka cn j a l a . Bstn rbqukbrb qub ca
vkskôo nrlaokzadknoac sba dcara y dnodrbta, aså dnen aepckaebotb hksdutkha y
dneuokdaha a tnhns cns e k b e` r n s hb ca nrlaokzadkôo.
2. Alrbskvkhah dnepbtktkva9 bs ca prnpboskôo hb ca nrlaokzadkôo a pradtkdar addknobs qub
cb pbrektao supbrar a sus rkvacbs hb gnrea dnoskstbotb y sustaodkac. Bstn
rbqukbrb dnondkekbotn hbc ebrdahn y hb cas addknobs hb cns

dpnbehaplbôkt lhkndrnb sh,b aaspår bdonhebnr hbbc cuns qnu bh bcn s` bnotrdnjse

basrtmáso, jyad ksbboah nd, nne `nk bpor nddnbesnn prndbsn hb rbuokr y usar hb
eaobra skstëekda y skoërlkda tnhns cns rbdursns hkspnok`cbs hb ca
nrlaokzadkôo.

Kokdkatkvas beprbohbhnras b koonvadkôo

Vara Hrudmbr, cas kokdkatkvas beprbohbhnras, pnr cn lbobrac, sb vkoducao dno ca
koonvadkôo, sba bo uo oblndkn ya bxkstbotb, bo uoa kostktudkôo pù`ckda hb sbrvkdkns
n bo uoa oubva beprbsa kokdkaha pnr uo sncn kohkvkhun bo ca dndkoa hb su dasa. Bo
ntras paca`ras, cas kokdkatkvas beprbohbhnras, iuotn dno ca koonvadkôo qub
lbobrao, sno aspbdtns e u y kepnrtaotbs para cas nrlaokzadknobs lraohbs y cas
pbqubñas, taotn pnr cas kovbrsknobs kokdkacbs d n e n para eaotbobr ca pnskdkôo
dnepbtktkva bo bc e u o h n hb cns oblndkns. Ahbeás, ca koonvadkôo bs bc ebhkn qub
 :

pbrektb ac beprbohbhnr drbar oubvns rbdursns prnhudtkvns hb rkqubza n hntar a

cns rbdursns bxkstbotbs dno uo eaynr pntbodkac para drbar rkqubza.

Dno grbdubodka sb agkrea qub cas kokdkatkvas beprbohbhnras y ca koonvadkôo sno

aspbdtns bsbodkacbs para bc prndbsn drbatkvn, bc duac tkbob dn en n`ibtkvn prnenvbr bc
drbdkekbotn, auebotar ca prnhudtkvkhah y lbobrar bepcbns.04 Ca koonvadkôo bstá bo
bc dbotrn hb cas vbotaias dnepbtktkvas bo sbdtnrbs d n e n ca sacuh, cas
tbcbdneuokdadknobs, ca dneputadkôo, cns traospnrtbs, cns sbrvkdkns gkoaodkbrns,
btdëtbra.

DAVÅXRCN 14

Ln`kbron dnrpnratkvn

Cbast aj`ac`bcdabr hdbn ol ns`ukbsr oand dknnropksntraaskt vbn okonvsb rbskgnbokr kestnas ,apcar

abc
r habdktôbore qkuoabrc ay ndlrnaootrknzcaadrk ôcaohkrbddkôo bstratëlkda y su hbsbepbñn

rbspbdtn hb cas bxpbdtatkvas.1 Dask skbeprb, cas nrlaokzadknobs utkckzao bc L D

d n e n ebhkn para bsta`cbdbr uo nrhbo botrb cas partbs cns prnpkbtarkns hb ca
nrlaokzadkôo y sus bibdutkvns hb actn okvbc duyns kotbrbsbs pnhråao bstar bo
dnogckdtn bo aclùo e n e b o t n . Tu n`ibtkvn bs laraotkzar qub cns kotbrbsbs hb cns
hkrbdtkvns y cns bibdutkvns hb actn okvbc bstëo ackobahns dno cns hb cns addknokstas.
Aså, bc L D kepckda uoa supbrvkskôo bo árbas bo cas qub cns prnpkbtarkns, cns
bibdutkvns y cns e k b e ` r n s hbc dnosbin hb ahekokstradkôo pnhråao tbobr dnogckdtns
hb kotbrës bo acluoas ndasknobs
Ëtkda beprbsarkac
Cns ebhkns y ca kotbosa dkrducadkôo hb ca kognreadkôo bo bc eu ohn enhbron bstáo
prnvndaohn qub cas nrlaokzadknobs sb vubcvao vbrhahbras vktrkoas grbotb a ca
npkokôo pù`ckda. Bo ntras paca`ras, cas nrlaokzadknobs sno s u e a e b o t b vksk`cbs y
vucobra`cbs, y hb`bo hbgkokr uo dnepnrtaekbotn kotadja`cb grbotb a sus
stambjnchbrs para ea ot bo br su k e a l b o y su dnodbptn. Hbshb gkoacbs hbc sklcn
pasahn, ca dubstkôo h b ca ëtkda sb dnovkrtkô b o u o kepbratkvn para cas
nrlaokzadknobs, taotn pù`ckdas d nen prkvahas. [ a bxkstb uoa dnodkbodka sndkac qub
kepnob ca prádtkda hb ca ëtkda beprbsarkac, aså d n e n hb ca rbspnosa`kckhah sndkac,
pubs ca sndkbhah qukbrb qub cas nrlaokzadknobs rbackdbo sus oblndkns y n ` t b o l a o
utkckhahbs pnr ebhkn hb prndbhkekbotns dnrrbdtns y traosparbotbs qub rbspbtbo cns
prkodkpkns ëtkdns y ca dneuokhah bo ca qub bstáo kosbrtas.
 ;

Pbspnosa`kckhah sndkac
Cas nrlaokzadknobs sugrbo e u d j a s prbsknobs bxtbroas y hb sus stambjnchbrs para
qub ahnptbo pnsturas pncåtkdas qub hbiao hb cahn ca aotkduaha kotrnvbrskôo
ahekokstratkva, para qub t n e b o bo dubota aspbdtns bxtbrons qub trasdkbohbo sus
trahkdknoacbs grnotbras nrlaokzadknoacbs n lbnlrágkdas. Ca rbspnosa`kckhah sndkac
bs uoa gnrea hb atbohbr cns kotbrbsbs hb ca sndkbhah bo ca gnrea hb npbrar uoa

nrlaokzadkôo.
sncn Xnha beprbsa
a cns sjarbjnchbrs, skon a rbohkr
hb`b tnhns dubotas a ca sndkbhah
cns stambjnchbrs y, pnr taotn,
kovncudrahns on n
hkrbdta
kohkrbdtaebotb. Ca rbspnosa`kckhah sndkac bstá ac parbin dno ca rbspnosa`kckhah
gkoaodkbra.  Cns hkrklbotbs hb uoa nrlaokzadkôo hb`bo tratar hb acdaozar cns
n`ibtkvns nrlaokzadknoacbs ac e k s e n tkbepn qub cns hb ca sndkbhah. Roa
nrlaokzadkôo sndkacebotb rbspnosa`cb bs ca qub9

Kodnrpnra n`ibtkvns sndkacbs a sus prndbsns hb pcaobadkôo bstratëlkda.

 Apckda onreas dneparatkvas hb ntras nrlaokzadknobs a sus p r n l r a e a s
sndkacbs

Vrbsbota kognrebs a cns e k b e ` r n s hb ca nrlaokzadkôo y a cns asndkahns,
sn`rb cns prnlrbsns rblkstrahns bo su rbspnosa`kckhah sndkac.


Bxpbrkebota hkgbrbotbs bognqubs para ebhkr su hbsbepbñn sndkac.

 Vrndura bvacuar cns dnstns hb cns p r n l r a e a s sndkacbs y bc rbohkekbotn hb
cas kovbrsknobs bo p r n l r a e a s sndkacbs.

Hbsarrnccn sustbota`cb
Xnha beprbsa drba n hbstruyb vacnr bo varkas hkebosknobs y vncùebobs. On sb
pubhbo klonrar cns kepadtns bdnoôekdns, sndkacbs n ae`kbotacbs qub ca beprbsa
prnvnda, para `kbo n para eac. Bo tnhn oblndkn bxkstbo laoaodkas y përhkhas
gkoaodkbras, sndkacbs y ae`kbotacbs. [ para daha rkbsln bxkstb skbeprb uoa
npnrtuokhah dbrdaoa. Huraotb e u d j n tkbepn cas bstratblkas hb cas beprbsas sncn
` usda` ao eaxkekzar bc rbohkekbotn para cns addknokstas y cns kovbrsknokstas. On
j a` å a bxpbdtatkva acluoa hb duepckr cns n`ibtkvns hb prbsbrvadkôo ae`kbotac n hb
ca rbspnosa`kckhah sndkac. Vnr bc dnotrarkn, ca bxpcntadkôo kohksdrkekoaha hb cns
rbdursns hkspnok`cbs bra ca rblca, ekbotras qub pbrskståa ca hbsprbndupadkôo
rbspbdtn hbc `kbobstar hb cns tra`aiahnrbs y cas dneuokhahbs bo tnron hb cas
npbradknobs hb cas beprbsas, bo e u d j n s sbdtnrbs hb ca bdnoneåa. Ca beprbsa
sb hbstkoa`a a duepckr cas hbeaohas, ùokda y bxdcuskvaebotb, hb sus prnpkbtarkns

Bc hbsarrnccn snstbok`cb dnrrbspnohb a uo patrôo hb usn hb rbdursns qub, ac e k s en

tkbepn qub duepca cas hbeaohas j u e a o a s y nrlaokzadknoacbs, prbsbrvb bc
ae`kbotb hb eao bra qub on d n e p r ne b t a cns rbdursns y cas obdbskhahbs hb cas
guturas lbobradknobs para satksgadbr sus prnpkas hbeaohas y obdbskhahbs.
 16

Hbsarrnccn dnrpnratkvn sustbota`cb

Hbshb ca pbrspbdtkva hb ca nrlaokzadkôo, bc hbsarrnccn snstbok`cb kepckda bibdutar 
bstratblkas b kokdkatkvas qub duepcao sus hbeaohas y cas hb sus stambjnchbrs, ac
e k s e n tkbepn qub prntblb y pbrgbddknoa hb gnrea snstbok`cb cns rbdursns
oaturacbs y j u e a o n s obdbsarkns bo bc guturn. Bsta hbgkokdkôo hbstada ca
hbpbohbodka hb cas nrlaokzadknobs hb tacbs rbdursns, j u e a o n s y oaturacbs, aså

d n e n hb dapktacbs gkoaodkbrns. Tb vubcvb e u y kepnrtaotb bvktar a duacqukbr dnstn

ca hblrahadkôo krrbpara`cb hb bsns rbdursns. Ca oaturacbza h b ` b sbr prbsbrvaha,
pubs bc pcaobta bstá bo pbcklrn. Bc dnodbptn hb hbsarrnccn snstbok`cb dnrpnratkvn
j a skhn daha vbz e á s rbdnondkhn y botbohkhn, sk `kbo para e u d j n s hkrbdtkvns y
beprbsarkns sb trata hb uoa khba uo taotn a`stradta. Vnr cn lbobrac, para cas
nrlaokzadknobs, bc hbsarrnccn snstbok`cb tkbob qub vbr dno bc usn bgkdkbotb hbc
dapktac oaturac, dacducahn pnr bc vacnr a l r b l a h n hb ca adtkvkhah hb uoa nrlaokzadkôo
bo rbcadkôo dno bc bgbdtn bdncôlkdn a l r b l a h n qub bsa adtkvkhah prnvnda.

Tko b e ` a r l n , tae`këo bxkstb bc dnodbptn hb usn bgkdkbotb hbc dapktac sndkac, qub sb
rbgkbrb a ca rbcadkôo botrb bc vacnr a l r b l a h n pnr ca adtkvkhah hb ca nrlaokzadkôo bo
rbcadkôo dno bc kepadtn sndkac y bdncôlkdn qub prnvnda bsa adtkvkhah. Cas hns
dnodbpdknobs hbc usn bgkdkbotb hbc dapktac sb dnobdtao hkrbdtaebotb ac auebotn
hbc dapktac bdnoôekdn.

VPBLROXA
T9
DAVKXRCN
10

¾Quë bs ckhbrazln bstratëlkdn y dnepbtktkvkhah>

BhBbc cvåhabcnr rearácns. actn qub prneubvb ca

bca`nradkôo hbc pcao bstratëlkdn bs bc bodarlahn

¾Duácbs sno cas prkodkpacbs btapas bo bc dkdcn hb

vkha hb uoa nrlaokzadkôo>
@usda ca ahaptadkôo hbc dnepnrtaekbotn hb cns cåhbrbs y hkrbdtkvns qub
kepcbebotarao cns hb`khns dae`kns bo cns prndbsns y pbrsnoas.
0. Dapadkhah hb koonvadkôo.
¾Qu
4.ëAsuekr
bs bc bspårktu
rkbslns.beprbohbhnr>
Bs bc beprbohbhnr qub kokdka u npbra uo oblndkn n uoa kokdkatkva beprbohbhnra
para rbackzar uoa khba nrklkoac n uo prnybdtn.

¾Duácbs sno cas dkodn hkebosknobs hb uoa ductura beprbohbhnra>

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1

8. Vrnhudtivkhah.
2. Alrbskvkhah dnepbtitiva.

¾Duác bs ca rbcadkôo botrb uoa kokdkatkva beprbohbhnra y ca koonvadkôo>

Cas kokdkatkvas beprbohbhnras pnr cn lbobrac sb vkoducao dno ca koonvadkôo, sba bo
uo oblndkn ya bxkstbotb, bo uoa kostktudkôo pù`ckda hb sbrvkdkns n bo uoa oubva
beprbsa.

DAVKXRCN 14

¾Quë bs bc ln`kbron dnrpnratkvn y duácbs sno cas prkodkpacbs cbybs qub sb

`usdao bsta`cbdbr>
Bs ca rbcadkôo qub tnha nrlaokzadkôo bsta`cbdb dno sus addknokstas b
kovbrsknokstas
para hbtbrekoar y dnotrncar ca hkrbddkôo bstratëlkda h b ` b hb dnotar dno uo
hbsadubrhn ln`kbron dnrpnratkvn.

¾Quë bs ëtkda beprbsarkac>

Tno cns ebhkns y ca kotbosa dkrducadkôo hb ca kognreadkôo bo bc euo hn enhbron ca
nrlaokzadkôo qub sno s u e a e b o t b vksk`cbs y vucobra`cbs y h b ` b o hbgkokr uo
dnepnrtaekbotn kotadja`cb

¾Quë bs rbspnosa`kckhah sndkac>

Tno n`ckladknobs qub uoa nrlaokzadkôo a s u e b pnr ebhkn hb addknobs qub
prntblbo y ebinrao bc `kbobstar hb ca sndkbhah.

¾Quë bs bc hbsarrnccn sustbota`cb>

Dnrrbspnohb a uo patrôo hb usn hb rbdursns qub ac e k se n tkbepn qub duepca cas
hbeaohas j u e a o a s y nrlaokzadknobs, prbsbrvb bc ae`kbotb hb ea obr a qub on
dneprnebtao cns rbdursns y obdbskhahbs hb cas guturas lbobradknobs.
¾Duácbs sno cas prkodkpacbs btapas para bca`nrar uo pcao bstratëlkdn sustbota`cb>
1. Aoackzar cas hbeaohas hb cns lrupns hb kotbrës.
0. Bsta`cbdbr pncåtidas y n`ibtivns hb sustbota`kckhah.
4. Bca`nrar y bibdutar uo pcao hb addknobs.
8. Vatrndkoar ca ductura dnrpnrativa para ca
sustbota`kckhah.
2. Hbsarrnccar kohkdahnrbs y onreas hb hbsbepbñn.
7. Vrbparar konrebs.
<. Ebinrar bc enoktnrbn.
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0

HKALONTXKDN BEVPBTAPKAC9
Hbtbrekob vbotaias y hbsvbotaias hbc enhbcn hb ln`kbron dnrpnratkvn hb
su nrlaokzadkôo.
Wbotaias 

1. pubhb sbr uo kepnrtaotb entnr bo ca drbadkôo hb vacnr hb cas beprbsas

0. ebinrbs rbsuctahns goaodkbrns qub sus dnepbtihnrbs

Hbsvbotaias

Hbtbrekob vbotaias y hbsvbotaias hbc prndbsn hb ëtkda beprbsarkac bo

su nrlaokzadkôo.
Wbotaias
Bo ca nrlaokzadkôo bxkstb uoa cåoba hb ëtida hnohb pnhbens
hbouodkar Vnhbr tra`aiar dno prkodkpkns

Hbsvbotaias 
Vnobr bo bvkhbodka a cas pbrsnoas

Hbtbrekob vbotaias y hbsvbotaias hbc prndbsn hb rbspnosa`kckhah sndkac bo

su nrlaokzadkôo.
Wbotaias
Vnhbr hbsbdjar hbspbrhkdkns
Lbobrar bepcbn para ca
dneuokhah

Hbsvbotaias

Hbtbrekob cas vbotaias y hbsvbotaias

hbc tkpn hb ckhbrazln bosu
nrlaokzadkôo.
Wbotaias
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4

Hbsvbotaias

Hbtbrekob cas vbotaias y hbsvbotaias hb dnepbtktkvkhah bosu

nrlaokzadkôo.
Wbotaias

Hbsvbotaias

DNODCRTKNOB
T
Duaohn j a ` c a e n s hb ln`kbron dnrpnratkvn ons rbgbrkens a cas rbcadknobs dno cns
kovbrsknokstas (sjarbjnchbrs) para hbtbrekoar y dnotrncar ca hkrbddkôo bstratëlkda y
bc hbsbepbñn hb ca nrlaokzadkôo. Cas nrlaokzadknobs cn utkckzao dno grbdubodka
d n e n rbdursn para bsta`cbdbr uo nrhbo botrb cas partbs, cns prnpkbtarkns hb ca
nrlaokzadkôo y sus bibdutkvns hb actn okvbc, duyns kotbrbsbs puhkbrao bstar bo
dnogckdtn bo aclùo e n e b o t n

Ca bstratblka h b ` b dnotar dno uo gubrtb ckhbrazln bstratëlkdn. Ro ckhbrazln hb tac

dcasb y aepcktuh qub kodbotkvb bc bspårktu beprbohbhnr bo tnhns cns okvbcbs hb ca
nrlaokzadkôo, y prnvnqub ca koonvadkôo dapaz h b rbonvar y rbvktackzar dnotkouaebotba ca
beprbsa.
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8

PBDNE BOHADKN
OBT
 Kovncudra a tu bqukpn hb tra`ain pnr ebhkn hb sbsknobs

 Pbspnosa`kckhah bo tnhas cas npbradknobs y traosparbodka jadka sus lrupns

hb kotbrës.


Dneprneksn dno ca koonvadkôo y ca ebinra dnotkoua bo sus adtuadknobs.


Dneuokdadkôo dnostaotb para lbobrar dnogkaoza bo ca sndkbhah.


 Dneprneksn dno cns dckbotbs ebinraohn ca rbcadkôo y atbohkbohn sus
hbeaohas.


Dneuokda, bsdudja y së traosparbotb
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@K@CKNLPAGÅ
A
Tapkrn, K. D. (s..). pcaobadkno bstratblkda .