Protists are unicellular organisms that have a nucleus.

Kingdom: Protista
 Protists, What are they?

 Protists are defined by what they are NOT…

 Eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or
fungi
 Scientists believe they were the “1 st
eukaryotic organisms”
 Most are unicellular (algae exception)
 Many are “aquatic”
 Very diverse kingdom
Protists and the Evolutionary Tree
 Similar to Bacteria
 Unicellular
 One of the first groups of living things on Earth. (1.5
billion years ago.)
 Microscopic
 Can cause disease.
 Can be parasites
Difference from Bacteria
 Has a nucleus.
 Live in watery environment.
 Generally live as individual cells.
 Protists vary greatly in appearance and function.
 3 Categories
 I. Animal-like Protists.
 II. Plant-like Protists.
 III. Fungus-like Protists.
I. Animal-like Protists
 Protozoan means “First Animal”.
 Cells contain a nucleus.
 Cells lack a cell wall.
 They are heterotrophs.
 Most can move on their own.
4 Groups of Animal-like
Protists
 1. Sarcodines (SAHR-koh-dighnz) / Rhizopoda
 2. Ciliates (SIHL-ee-ihts) / Infusoria
 3. Flagellates (FLAJ- ehl-ihts) / Mastigophora
 4. Sporozoans (spohr-oh-ZOH-uhnz)
 1. Sarcodines
 Have pseudopods (Greek:“false foot”)
 Extensions of the cell membrane and cytoplasm.
 Pseudopods are used for movement and to capture
food.
 Many have shells.
 These shells form limestone, marble and chalk.
One type:
 Most familiar Sarcodine.
 Pseudopods:
 Blob shaped.
 Contractile Vacuoles:
controls amount of water
inside
 Food Vacuole: where
food is digested.

Food
 Split Personality
 Amebas reproduce by
dividing into two new
cells (binary fission).
 Amebas can respond to
their environment.
 They are sensitive to
light and some
chemicals.
4 Groups of Animal-like
Protists
 1. Sarcodines (SAHR-koh-dighnz) / Rhizopoda
 2. Ciliates (SIHL-ee-ihts) / Infusoria
 3. Flagellates (FLAJ- ehl-ihts) / Mastigophora
 4. Sporozoans (spohr-oh-ZOH-uhnz)
 2. Ciliates
 Have cilia on the
outside of their cells.
 Tiny hair-like
projections used for
movement, to gather
food and as feelers.
 Type: Paramecium
 Pellicle: tough outer wall.
 Slipper shaped
 Oral groove: like the mouth
 Gullet: holds food.
 Food Vacuole: digests food.
 Anal Pore: removes wastes
 2 Contractile Vacuoles
 2 Nuclei
 Reproduces by either binary fission
or conjugation.
Paramecium sp.
 3. Flagellates
(Zooflagellates)
 Have a Flagellum: a
long whip-like structure
used for movement.
 Many live in animals
 Symbiosis a close
relationship, at least one
benefits.
 Mutualism: when both
partners benefit.
4 Groups of Animal-like
Protists
 1. Sarcodines (SAHR-koh-dighnz) / Rhizopoda
 2. Ciliates (SIHL-ee-ihts) / Infusoria
 3. Flagellates (FLAJ- ehl-ihts) / Mastigophora
 4. Sporozoans (spohr-oh-ZOH-uhnz)
 4. Sporozoans
 All Sporozans are parasites.
 They feed on cells and body fluids.
 Form from Spores (tiny reproductive cells).
 Pass from one host to another.
 Pass from ticks, mosquitoes or other animals to
humans.
 Sporozoans

 Animallike protists that do not move on their own are parasitic

 Plasmodium sporozoan causes malaria
 Sporozoan parasite is carried by female Anopheles
mosquito
 Plasmodium Life Cycle

• Mosquito bites human

parasite injected
• Parasites invade liver
reproduce and develop
• Liver cells burst and
parasites move red blood
cells
RBC burst person
• experiences anemia, fever,
chills, may result in death
Parasites may then move
into other RBC or are
picked up by mosquito and
transferred to another
person
 II. Plant-like Protists
(Algae)
 Unicellular and Multicellular
 Colonies (groups of unicellular protists)
 Can move on their own
 Autotrophs: make their own food from simple materials using light
energy (photosynthesis).
 70% of the Earth’s oxygen is produced by Plant-like Protists!
 Pigments: chemicals that produce color
● Sizes
- Microscopic (25μm), Ex: Navicula.
- Macroscopic (50m), Ex: Macrocystis.

Navicula Macrocystis
● Shape of body
a. Uniselluler
- Solitter (Ex: Chlorella don’t have flagel).
- Coloni (Ex: Gonium, Volvox, Hydrodictyon).

Chorella Volvox
b. Multiseluler
Ex: Spirogyra, Oedogonium, dan Ulva.

Spirogyra Ulva
● Body structure and function
- Has membrane nucleus (eucarotic)
- Cell have chloroplas (in cell contain pigment to
absorp light for photosyntesis
- Main pigment: clorophyll
# add pigment: karoten (xantofil and fikobilin)
fikobilin (fikosianin/fikoritrin)
- Has pirenoid, for reserve food place
● Habitat and the way life
- Fotoautotrof
- useful as produsen for heterotrof organism, in
supplying food and oxigen
- Free life in damp habitat/water, ex: swamp,
river, soil, stone, or tree
● Reproduction
a. Axesual (vegetatif)
- Division cell (only in uniseluler algae)
- Fragmentation (in multiseluler algae
filamen/thallus shape)
- Zoospora (uni and multiseluler)
b. Seksual (generatif)
- Isogami
- Oogami
 6 Groups of Plant like
Protists
 Euglenoids (yoo-GLEE-noydz) / Euglenophyta
 Diatoms (DIGH-ah-tahmz) / Chrysophyta
 Dinoflagellates (digh-noh-FLAJ-eh-layts)
 Red Algae / Rhodophyta
 Green Algae / Chlorophyta
 Brown Algae / Phaeophyta
 1. Euglenophyta
 Green
 Unicellular
 Live in fresh water
 Autotrophs, but can be
heterotrophs under certain
conditions.
 Flagella
 Eyespot: sensitive to light.
 Chloroplasts
 Pellicle
 2. Chrysophyta – Gold Algae
(Diatoms)
 Unicellular
 10,000 living species.
 Aquatic
 Glass like cell wall
 Diatomaceous earth: course
powder that comes from dead
diatoms (toothpaste, car polish
& reflective paint.
 Contain carotenoid pigment
(xanthofil)
 3. Dinoflagellates
 Unicellular
 Cell walls are like plates
of armor.
 Two flagella
 Spins when it moves.
 Colorful (pigments)
 Can glow in the dark.
 Causes Red Tide
- Reproduction: asexual (biner division)
- Ex: Gonyaulax, Noctiluca scintillans.

Gonyaulax Noctiluca scintillans

RED TIDE ALGA BLOOM
 Green Algae
 Most are unicellular
 Some form colonies
 Few are multicellular
 Can live in fresh and salt water
and on land in damp places.
 Very closely related to green
plants.
- Reproduction:
a. asexual (spora shape,
fragmentation, and self division)
b. sexual (isogami, anisogami, oogami)
- Ex: Volvox, Gonium, and Chlamydomonas.

Chlamydomonas
Sexual Reproduction

= same size ; same shape

= different size ; same shape

= different size ; different shape

 Red Algae
 Multicellular seaweeds
 Live in deep ocean waters
 Used for ice cream and hair
conditioner
 Used as food in Asia
 Contain red pigment
(phycoerythrin)
- Reproduction: a. axesual (spora)
b. sexsual (oogami)
- Ex: Eucheuma spinosum.

Eucheuma spinosum
 Brown Algae
 Commonly called seaweed
 Can contain brown, green, yellow,
orange and black pigments.
 Mostly have brown pigment
(fucoxanthin)
 Attach to rocks
 Have air bladders
 Giant Kelp can be 100 meters long!
 Used as food thickeners
- Reproduksi: a. axesual (Fragmentation and
zoospora)
b. sexual ( isogami, unisogami, and oogami)
Ex: Sargassum, Macrocystis, Turbinaria.

Sargassum Turbinaria
 III. Fungus-like Protists
 similar to fungi in appearance and mode of nutrition
 Heterotrophs
 Have cell walls.
 Many have flagella and are able to move at some point in their lives.
 Three types: Slime Molds, Water & Downy Molds
 Reproduce with Spores (tiny cell that is able to grow into a new
organism)
 Water & Downy Molds
(Oomycota)
 Live in water or moist places.

 Tiny threads that look like fuzz.

 Attack food crops

 Caused the Irish Potato Famine.

(Phytopthora infestans)
 Water & Downy Molds
(Oomycota)
• Habitat in humid place / water. Example:
Saprolegnia parasitica and Phytophtora
infestans
• Have hyphae that not insulated (senocytic)
• The cell wall of cellulose
• Vegetative reproduction with way forming
zoospores that has two flagellum for swimming.
• Sexual reproduction with way fertilization that
will forming zygote that grow into oospores.
Life cycle Oomycota
 Slime Molds
(Myxomycota)
 Reproduce by Fruiting
Bodies:
 The Fruiting Bodies contain
Spores.
 At first they look like
amoeba, then later they
look like mold.
 Live on moist shady places.
 Feed on bacteria and other
microorganisms.
Example : Physarum
 Slime Molds (Myxomycota)
• Habitat in Forest wet, stem wood that rot, soil moist, and wood weathered.
Example : Dictyostelium discoideum.
• There are two phase i.e. animal phase (shaped like plasmodium) and plant
phase (to form fruit bodies that stemmed).
• Structure body vegetative shaped like mucus (called plasmodium), move
ameboid, and get food in a manner phagocytes.
• Vegetative phase / plasmodium, performed with binary division . If has
grown up, plasmodium will towards the place that dry and form fruit body,
next fruit bodies forming sporangium. The mature sporangium will broken
and spores scattered with help wind.
• Generative phase started when spores that germinated forming cell gametes
and to do singami (smelting two the gametes form and the size same, that
not can be distinguished male and the female). Result smelting in the form of
a zygote and zygote grow becomes plasmodium again.
Life cycle of Myxomycota
 Roles of Protists
Beneficial (Advantages) of protists include the following:

•Euglena viridisis a protist that acts as an indicator of water /

river pollution.
•Foraminifera (Globigerina) fossils are used to mark the age of
sedimentary rocks and guide the search for petroleum sources
•Radiolaria (Collosphaera and Acanthometron), shell deposits
(Radiolaria mud) are used as scouring agents and as indicators
of petroleum sources
• Ulva used as a vegetable
Globigerina

Ulva lactuca
Radiolaria
 Roles of Protists
• Caulerpa racemosa used as vegetables and fresh vegetables
• Chlorella used as PST (single cell protein) which is produced
into food supplements and cosmetics
• Laminaria digitalis as a producer of iodine for goiter
medication
• Gelidium robustum and Eucheuma spinosum is used as an
ingredient in gelatin
• Turbinaria australis, Sargassum silquosum,and Fucus
vesiculosus is used to make ointments and ice cream
• Navicula used for insulation, abrasive, dynamite insulation,
and used for cement mixtures.
Caulerpa

Chorella Laminaria Navicula

 Roles of Protists
Harmful (disadvantage) of protists include the following:

In Humans:

•Plasmodium can cause malaria

•Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas disease that attacks the liver, lymph
glands, and bone marrow
•Trypanosoma gambiense causes sleeping sickness in Central Africa and is
transmitted by the tse-tse fly, Glossina palpalis type
•Entamoeba gingivalis causes bad breath, tooth decay, and gums
•Balantidium coli causes balantidium dysentery which attacks the mucous
membranes of the large intestine
•Trichomonas vaginalis causes vaginal discharge in women
 Roles of Protists
In Animals:
•Trypanosoma evansi causes surra disease in livestock such as horses and
cattle. The disease is transmitted by house flies (Stomoxys calcitrans).
•Trichomonas foetuscauses miscarriage in goats
•Trypanosoma vivax causes disease in sheep
•Saprolegniasp. live as a parasite on fish and can cause death in freshwater
fish

In Plants:
•Phytophthora faberi live parasites on rubber plants
•Phytophthora infestans causes white rust disease in potato plants
•Phytophthora nicotinae attacking tobacco plants
•Pythium attack the base of the stem sprouts