FATMA MUHRIZA

NUR MAULINA PUT

RIZKI DIAN RETN

QUANTITATIVE,QUAL
ITATIVE, MIX
METHOD PARADIGM
Presented by
Group 2
Table of Contents

QUANTITATIVE MIX METHOD

PARADIGM PARADIGM
You could describe the topic You could describe the topic
of the section here of the section here

QUALITATIVE
Conclusion
PARADIGM
You could describe the topic You could describe the topic
of the section here of the section here
What is Paradigm?
Cambridge
Dictionary,
So, Paradigm indicate a pattern or
“Model of model or typical example
something, or a including cultural themes,
very clear and
typical example
worldviews, Ideologies and
of something” mindsets.
 Paradigms form expert
views
Babbie,1998:

Paradigms are general framework or view points : literally „points

from which to view‟. They provide ways of looking at life and are
grounded in sets of assumptions about the nature of reality”
Kuhn, 1977:

According to Kuhn” the term paradigm refers to refers culture with a

set of beliefs, values and assumptions that a community of researchers
has in common regarding the nature and conduct of research. A
paradigm is a worldview or a set of assumption about how thing work.
Research Paradigm

Positivism Critical
Quantitative that is discovery Postmodern that is investigate
of the laws that govern and expose the power
behavior relationship

Constructivist Pragmatic
Qualitative that is Interventions, interactions and
understanding from an inside their effect in multiple
perspective contexts.
QUANTITATIV
E
PARADIGM
 What is Quantitative
Research?

Post positivists worldview , experimental design

and pretest and posttest measured of attitudes in the
Quantitative research
scenario, the researcher tests a theory by specifying
attempts to quantify , narrow hypotheses and the collection of data to
collect and analyze support or refute the hypothesis
numerical data. And
focus on the link among a
smaller number and of
attributes across many
cases.
Quantitative Research Design

Devise
Research Measures Choosing Research
Theory Hypothesis Design
of Conceptsc Location/Respondents

Data Analysis & Report

Collection Data Interpratation Drawing of
Preparation Conclusion Writing
The main Characteristic of Quantitative
research
Using Prior Variables
Numbers Categorization rather than
Cases

Statistics and Standardized Looking for

the language procedures to assess generalize ability
of statistics objective reality and universal
laws.
Features of Performance data , attitude data,
observational add census data
Quantitative Statistical analysis
research
Statistical interpretation
Involved experiments, survey,
Deductive
testing, and structured content
analysis, interviews.
High degree of structure
Pre-determined
Some manipulation of subject
Instrument based question
May take little time to conduct
Objective
Much social distance between researcher
and subject
 Features of
Quantitative Research
by Bryman (1988)

“Quantitative inquiry is systemic, rigorous,

focused, and tightly controlled, involving precise
measurement and producing reliable and replicable
data that is generalizable to other context.”
Advantages
Provides estimates of populations at large.
Indicates the extensiveness of attitudes
held by people.
Provides results which can be condensed
to statistics.
Allows for statistical comparison between
various groups.
Has precision, is definitive and
standardized.
Measures level of occurrence, action,
trends etc.
Can answer such question as “how many?”
and “How often?” .
Disadvantages
They average out responses across the
whole observed group of participants.
Similar scores can result from quite
different underlying processes.
Quantitative methods are generally not
very sensitive in uncovering the reason
for particular observations.
Reductionist view : the general
exploratory capacity of quantitative
research is rather limited.
Qualitative
Paradigm
 What is Qualitative
Reserach?
Creswell,
1994
Constructivist
“A qualitative study is defined as an
Qualitative that is inquiry process of understanding a social
understanding or human problem, based on building a
complex, holistic picture, formed with
from an inside
words, reporting detailed views of
perspective informants, and conducted in a natural
setting”
Qualitative Research by Dentin and Lincoln (1994)

“Qualitative research is multi-method in

focus, involving an interpretive,
naturalistic approach to its subject matter.”

So,
It means that Qualitative researchers study
things in their natural settings, attempting to
make sense of or interpret phenomena in terms
of the meanings people bring to them.
 Qualitative Paradigm

Many Different Generally answer the

Varities who rather than what,
when or how much

Presents special challenges Currently most

in distributed contexts due
common type
to distance between
participants and researchers of DE research
The main Characteristic of Qualitative
research
An exploratory Data
Emergent
and Descriptive Collection in
focus Design the natural
setting

Emphasis on Qualitative Early and On-

‘human-as- methods of data going inductive
instrument’ collection analysis
Qualitative Research Types

04 The 01
Biography

Grounded
Phenomenology
Theory
Ethnography
Case Study
03 02
Data Collection of
Qualitative Method

Group
Interviews

Observation Depth Interviews

Relevant
Documents
Photographs,
Video Tapes
Data Collection of Qualitative Method

04 The 01
Biography

Grounded
Phenomenology
Theory
Ethnography
Case Study
03 02
 When to use
qualitative research?
Developing a new product or
generating an idea.
Studying your product/brand or
service to strengthen your
marketing strategy.
To understand your strengths and
weaknesses.
Understanding purchase behavior.
To study the reactions of your
audience to marketing campaigns
and other communications.
Exploring market demographics,
segments, and customer groups.
Gathering perception data of a
brand, company, or product.
The Differences of Quantitative & Qualitative
Attributes Qualitative research methods Quantitative research methods
This research method focuses on Quantitative research method focuses
Analytical
describing individual experiences on describing the characteristics of a
objectives
and beliefs. population.
Types of
questions Open-ended questions Closed-ended questions
asked
Use semi-structured methods such
Data Use highly structured methods such as
as in-depth interviews, focus
collection structured observation
groups, and participant
Instrument using questionnaires and surveys
observation
Form of data
Descriptive data Numerical data
produced
Participant responses affect how Participant responses do not influence or
Degree of
and which questions researchers determine how and which questions
flexibility
ask next researchers ask next
Mixed method
paradigm
 Mixed method
paradigm
The term “mixed methods” refers to an
emergent methodology of research that
advances the systematic integration, or
“mixing,” of quantitative and qualitative
data within a single investigation or
sustained program of inquiry.
Mixed methods research originated in the social
sciences and has recently expanded into the health
and medical sciences including fields such as
nursing, family medicine, social work, mental
health, pharmacy, allied health, and others. In the
last decade, its procedures have been developed
and refined to suit a wide variety of research
questions (Creswell and Plano Clark, 2011)
 Mix method paradigm =
quantitative + qualitative

Sophist With mixed research

attempting to respect
ts fully the wisdom of
Plato
(qualita both of these
(quantitative viewpoitswhile also
tive seeking a workable
research)
researc middle solution for
many research
) problems of interest
Mixed method paradigm
 Typical situations in which mixed
methods is used…
To compare results
To use qualitative
from quantitative
research to help
and qualitative explain quantitative
research findings

To explore using
qualitative
research and To develop an
then to generalize instrument
findings to a large To augment an
because none are
population using experiment with available or useful
quantitative qualitative data
research
What is the reason for using
mixed methods?
 The insufficient argument –
either quantitative or qualitative
may be insufficient by itself
 Community of practice
argument – mixed methods
may be the preferred approach
within a scholarly community

 Multiple angles argument –  Eager-to-learn argument – it

quantitative and qualitative is the latest methodology
approaches provide different “Its intuitive” argument – it
“pictures” mirrors “real life”

 The more-evidence-the-better
argument – combined
quantitative and qualitative
provides more evidence
Determine your worldview
Postpositivism
Determination
Reductionism
Empirical observation and
measurement
Theory verification
Advocacy/Participatory
Political
Empowerment issue-oriented
Collaborative
Change-oriented
Constructivism
Understanding
Multiple participant meanings
Social and historical
construction
Theory generation
Pragmatism
Consequences of actions
Problem-centered
Pluralistic
Real-world practice oriented
 References
Creswell, John W. (2012). Educational Research Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative
and Qualitative Research. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Mishra, Santi Bhushan & Shashi Alok. (2017). Handbook of Research Methodology : A
Compendium for Scholars & Researchers. New Delhi:Educreation Publishing

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