PARTS OF SPEECH

By: Tiyas Saputri,S.S., M.Pd.

PARTS OF SPEECH
 “Parts of speech” are the basic types of words that
English has. NOUN

PRONOUN
VERB

ADJECTIVE ADVERB
Parts of Speech

CONJUNCTIO
PREPOSITION
N

INTERJECTIO
ARTICLE N
NOUN
 A noun is a naming word. It names a person, place,
thing, idea, living creature, quality, or action.
Example: Muhammad Nuh, campus, dustbin, etc.
 Nouns are divided into 2 groups: proper nouns and
common nouns. 
 Proper nouns are nouns which begin with a capital
letter because it is the name of a specific or particular
person, place or thing. 
Example: Indonesia, B.J. Habibie, Pacific Ocean,
December, Sunday, New York City, Tiyas, Diponegoro
Street, Pizza Hut.
 Common nouns are nouns which do not begin with a
capital letter. Example: sandwich, midwife, jeans, etc.
NOUN
Many nouns have a special plural form (if there is
more than one). 
Example:
pen-pens;bag-bags;book-books;ruler-rulers 
Note:
Plurals are usually formed by adding an -s (books)
or -es (boxes) but some plurals are formed in
different ways (child - children, person - people,
mouse - mice, sheep - sheep).
Which is a noun?
1. mopped
2. did
3. The
4. English
5. round
How many nouns are in the sentence below:
1. Andra and Arkan went to Jakarta yesterday
2. She lives in America
3. Barbara makes pizza with her aunt
 PRONOUN

 A pronoun is used instead of a noun, to avoid

repeating the noun. Example: I, you, She, They,
We, Her, Him, Them, etc
Kinds of Pronoun
1. Personal pronoun (I, You, He, She, They, We,
Him, etc.)
2. Possessive pronoun (mine, yours, hers, his, ours,
etc.)
3. Interrogative pronouns (who, whom, which, what,
where, how)  used for asking questions
4. Relative pronouns (who, which, what, that) 
used in complex sentences.
5. Demonstrative pronouns (this, that, these, those)
Kinds of Pronoun
6. Indefinite pronouns (some, all, both, each, etc.)
7. Reflexive Pronouns (myself, yourself, herself, himself,
itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves)  used to refer
back to the subject of the clause or sentence. Each of these
can also act as an intensive pronoun. Ex: I learn about
myself at summer camp
8. Intensive Pronouns (myself, yourself, herself, himself,
itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves) used to emphasize
its antecedent. Intensive pronouns are identical in form to
reflexive pronouns. Ex: I myself don’t like shrimp
9. Reciprocal Pronouns (each other, one another)
Personal Pronoun
 Personal pronouns have different forms for masculine/male,
feminine/female and neuter  (ex: he-she-it). 
 Personal pronouns have different forms depending on if they act as
subjects or objects (he-him, she-her).  A subject is a word which does
an action and usually comes before the verb, and an object is a word
that receives an action and usually comes after the verb. Example:
He examined me, He is the subject and me is the object. 
 The form of a personal pronoun also changes according to what person
is referred to. 
1st person or the self (I, me, we),
2nd person or the person spoken to (you),
3rd person or the person spoken about (he, she, him, her, they, them).
Possessive Pronoun
 Possessive pronouns show ownership. Some are used alone; some
describe a noun.
 Used alone: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs,

Ex: Shall we take yours or theirs?

 Modify noun: my, your, his, her, its, our, their, whose

Ex: Have you seen her book?

 Please note that none of the possessive pronouns are spelled with an

apostrophe.
 Possessive Pronouns with Gerunds

 Possessive pronouns are used to describe gerunds.

 Ex: Your winning inspired us all.

Interrogative Pronoun
 An interrogative pronoun is used to ask
questions. Who, whom, which, what, where and
how are all interrogative pronouns.
 Example:
1. Who told you to do that? (Who  the subject of the sentence)
2. What did she say? (What  the direct object of the verb “say”)
3. Which wants to see the dentist first? (Which  the subject of the
sentence)

4. To whom did you give the paper? ("whom" is the object of the preposition "to.")
Relative Pronoun
 Relative pronouns are used to add more information to a sentence.
 Which, that, who (including whom and whose) and where are all
relative pronouns. The compounds "whoever," "whomever," and
"whichever" are also relative pronouns.
 Example:
1. The man who first saw the comet reported it as a UFO. 
2. Dr Adam Sissons, who lectured at Cambridge for more than 12
years, should
have known the difference.
3. Whoever crosses this line first will win the race.
4. She will tell you what you need to know.
Demonstrative Pronoun
 A demonstrative pronoun points to and identifies a noun or a
pronoun. "This" and "these" refer to things that are nearby either in
space or in time, while "that" and "those" refer to things that are
farther away in space or time.
 "This" and "that" are used to refer to singular nouns or noun phrases
and "these" and "those" are used to refer to plural nouns and noun
phrases.
 Example:
1. This book is well written
2. That paper is trash.
3. These pancakes are delicious.
4. Those girls are beautiful.
Indefinite Pronoun
 Indefinite pronouns are used for non-specific things.
 All, some, somebody, something, any, several, anyone,
nobody, each, everything, everyone, both, few, little,
either, none, one and no one are the most common.
 Example:
1. Somebody must have seen the doer
2. I have nothing to declare except my genius
3. Few will be chosen
Intensive Pronoun
 An intensive pronoun is a pronoun used to emphasize its
antecedent.
 Myself, yourself, herself, ourselves, themselves are
intensive pronouns
 Intensive pronouns are identical in form to reflexive
pronouns.
 Example:
1. I myself believe that Hery will not disturb my sister
2. The Prime Minister himself said that he would lower taxes
3. They themselves promised to come to the party
Reflexive Pronoun
 The reflexive pronouns (which have the same forms
as the intensive pronouns) indicate that the sentence
subject also receives the action of the verb.
 myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, ourselves,
yourselves and themselves are reflexive pronouns.
 Example:
1. John bakes all the bread himself.
2. I learn about myself at summer camp
 Table of Pronouns
Singular
Intensive 
Person Subject Object Possessive
Reflexive

1st I me mine myself

2nd you you yours yourself

himself/herself/
3rd he/she/it him/her/it his/hers
itself

Plural

Intensive 
Person Subject Object Possessive
Reflexive
1st we us ours ourselves
2nd you you yours yourselves
3rd they them theirs themselves
Which one is pronoun?
1. Barbara
2. We
3. Ours
4. Family
5. Mine
How many pronouns in this sentence?
1. I broke my leg
2. He is working on his report
3. My father drives his car himself
Choose the correct one!
1. I go to school with (he/him) everyday.
2. I saw (she/her/herself) at the party last night.
3. Isn’t (she/her) a nice person?
4. She speaks to (we/us/ourselves) every morning.
5. (He/Him) is going to New York on vacation.
6. We like (our/ours) new car very much.
7. The dog bit (she/her) on the leg.
8. John bought (himself/herself/hisself) a new coat.
9. Mary and (I/me) would rather go to the movies.
10. Rindra (he/himself) went to the meeting.
VERB

 A verb is a word which describes an action (doing

something) or a state (being something). Example:
walk, talk, think, believe, eat, like, read, play, etc.
 Example:
1. I throw the ball, throw is the verb and shows an action. 
2. She is a beautiful girl, there is no action but a state of
being expressed by the verb is. The word be is
different from other verbs in many ways but can still
be thought of as a verb.
VERB
 Verbs sometimes change their forms become different
forms. The different forms of verbs show different
meanings related to:
1. Tense (past, present, future),
2. Person (first person, second person, third person),
3. Number (singular, plural)
4. Voice (active, passive).
 Verbs are also often accompanied by verb-like words

called modals (may, could, should, etc.) and auxiliaries(do,

have, will, etc.)  to give them different meanings.
VERB
 One of the most important things about verbs is their relationship to time. 
Verbs tell if:
1. Something has already happened  use past tense
2. Something will happen later  use future tense
3. Something is happening now  use present tense
 Some examples of verbs  in each tense are in the chart below:

Present Past Future

REGULAR play played will play
move moved will move

Present Past Future

IRREGULA sing sang will sing
R
wear wore will wear
VERB
 There are also progressive or continuous forms which show
that the action takes place over a period of time, and perfect
forms which show completion of the action. 

Present Continuous Present Perfect

is studying has studied
is discussing has discussed
is drinking has drunk
VERB
 A table of the third person singular verb form
changes
Singular Plural
see see
1st Person (I) hear 1st Person (we) hear
come come
see see
2nd Person (you) hear 2nd Person (you) hear
come come
sees see
3rd Person
hears 3rd Person (they) hear
(he, she, it)
comes come
VERB
Table of Be forms
Number Person Present Past Future
1st (I) am was will be
Singular 2nd (you) are were will be
3rd (he, she, it) is was will be
1st (we) are were will be
Plural 2nd (you) are were will be
3rd (they) are were will be

Auxiliary verbs:
1.A form of Be
2.A form of Have and Do
3.A Modal (will, would, can, could, may, must, might)
Table of auxiliary verbs Have and Do

Number Person Present Past

have had
1st (I)
do did
have had
Singular 2nd (you)
do did
3rd (he, she, has had
it) does did
have had
1st (we)
do did
have had
Plural 2nd (you)
do did
have had
3rd (they)
do did
ADJECTIVE
 An adjective is often defined as a word which
describes or gives more information about a noun
or pronoun. 
Example: old, small, square, good, etc.
In a sentence: We are intelligent
 If it is more than one adjective is used, a comma (,)
is used between the adjectives.
Example: The woman is beautiful, young, and
tall.
 ADJECTIVE

Table of Adjective Order

Det Or Epithet Classifying Head
De A Tem Si Sh Col Or Com Mat
p

Determiner: article, possessive, demonstrative, numbers

Ordinative: very, quite, rather
Ephitet: Descriptive (good, bad,…)
Age (old, young,…)
Temperature (cold, hot,…)
Size (small, big,…)
Shape(round, square,…)
Colour (red, blue,…)
Classifying: Origin (Italian, French,…)
Complementation (V-ing/ed-adjective)
Material (gold, silver,…)
Head: Pupose and fact
ADVERB
 An adverb is a word which usually describes a verb. It tells you how
something is done. It may also tell you when or where something
happened.
Example: He always sings a song very sweetly in the bathroom every
Sunday
Note:
1. Not all adverbs end in -ly are adverbs, they can be adjectives (Ex:
ugly, friendly). 
2. An adjective can be made into an adverb by adding –ly (nicely,
quickly,carefully,badly), but sometimes not and changes into different
form (good-well)
3. Adjectives and adverbs sometimes have the same forms (hard, fast,
fair)
ADVERB
Table of Adverb Order
ADVERBS
Fr Cr Dg Mn Pl Tm

Frequency: often, always, seldom,…

Certainty: Probably, possibly, certainly,…
Degree: very, quite, rather,…
Manner: hard, quickly,…
Place: here, at home,…
Time: now, yesterday, tomorrow,…
 PREPOSITION
 A preposition is a word which shows relationships
among other words in the sentence. 
 The relationships include direction, place, time, cause,
manner and amount. Ex: by, at, under, near, in, on, etc
Example:
1. I came by bus, by is a  preposition which shows manner. 
2. Mr. Didin will be here at three o'clock, at is a preposition which
shows time.
3. It is under the table, under is a preposition which shows place.
PREPOSITION
A preposition always goes with a noun or pronoun which is called the
object of the preposition.  The preposition is almost always before the noun
or pronoun and that is why it is called a preposition.  The preposition and
the object of the preposition together are called a prepositional phrase. 
The following chart shows the prepositions, objects of the preposition, and
prepositional phrases of the sentences above.

Object of the
Preposition Prepositional Phrase
Preposition

to the store to the store

by bus by bus

at three o'clock at three o'clock

under the table under the table

CONJUNCTION
 A conjunction is a word that connects other words or groups of words. 
Example:
1. Bob and Dan are friends the conjunction and connects two nouns
2. He will drive or fly  the conjunction or connects two verbs
3. It is early but we can go the conjunction but connects two groups of words.
 Coordinating conjunctions are conjunctions which connect two equal parts of
a sentence.  The most common ones are and, or, but and so which are used in
the following ways:
1. and is used to join or add words together. Ex: They ate and drank.
2. or is used to show choice or possibilities. Ex: He will be here on Monday or
Tuesday.
3. but is used to show opposite or conflicting ideas. Ex: She is small but strong.
4. so is used to show result. Ex: I was tired so I went to sleep.
CONJUNCTION
 Subordinating conjunctions connect two parts of a sentence that are not
equal. Some of the more common subordinating conjunctions such as:
     after                before                unless
    although          if                        until
    as                   since                   when
    because          than                    while
 Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that work together.  In
the sentence Both Jan and Meg are good swimmers, both . . .and are
correlative conjunctions.  The most common correlative conjunctions are:
     both . . .and
    either . . . or
    neither . . . nor
    not only . . . but also
INTERJECTION
 An interjection is an unusual kind of word, because
it often stands alone.
 Interjections are words which express emotion or
surprise, and they are usually followed by
exclamation marks.
 Examples: Ouch!, Hello!, Hurray!, Oh no!, Hi!
ARTICLE
 An article is a kind of adjective which is always used with and gives some
information about a noun.  There are only two articles a and the, but they
are used very often and are important for using English accurately.
 The word a (which becomes an when the next word begins with a vowel -
a, e, i, o, u) is called the indefinite article because the noun it goes with is
indefinite or general.  The meaning of the article a is similar to the number
one, but one is stronger and gives more emphasis.  It is possible to say She
has a bag or She has one bag , but the second sentence (She has one bag)
emphasizes that She does not have two or three or some other number of
bags.
 The word the is known as the definite article and indicates a specific
thing.  The difference between the sentences We sat on a sofa and We sat
on the sofa is that the second sentence refers to a particular, specific sofa,
not just any sofa.
ARTICLE
 Many nouns, especially singular forms of countable
nouns, must have an article.  In English, it is not
possible to say I sat on chair without an article, but  a
demonstrative or possessive adjective can be used
instead of an article as in the sentences I sat on that chair
and I sat on his chair.
 Whenever you see an article, you will find a noun with
it.  The noun may be the next word as in the man or there
may be adjectives and perhaps adverbs between the
article and the noun as in the very angry, young man.
Identifying the parts of speech
1. I always buy flowers in the florist

2. They are beautiful, young, American women

3. Prita works at the luxurious hotel

Identify the parts of speech!
1. The table is clean now
2. He needs your answer
3. I think the bank is open now because it opens at
eight o’clock
4. I have two handsome children
5. Oh no! My jewelry is gone

Make your own sentences (5 sentences) then

identify the parts of speech!
Thank
You
Identify the parts of speech!
1. The obstetrician has a very big white house
2. Anita injected the old patient last night
3. The hospital where I work is quite popular here
4. Ouch! The patient is dying
5. She has two clean white midwife uniforms

Make your own sentences (5 sentences) then

identify the parts of speech!
 A university /ju
 A bus
 an hour /a
 an apple