E9 Verification of crude steel beam girder during construction

The two main beams are prone to torsional buckling under the weight of the wet
concrete (that is, before it hardens and holds the upper chords). The beams are partially
secured against buckling by the presence of the cross members. The cross beams
provide flexible anti-twist protection for the beams.

Figure E.9 Lateral torsional buckling of

the main girders
E9.1 Restraint to main girders
To support the main beams, the cross beams must be sized for a situation where the
two critical flanges are trying to move toward each other and putting pressure on the
cross beam. Therefore AS 5100.6, Section 8.4.2, states that the transverse force acting
on the lateral restraint is assumed to be 2.5% of the most stressful ULS force on the
critical flange of the main beam. Therefore, the following check can be performed.
Tension in the upper flange under construction load = 237 Mpa.

E9.2 Verification
The maximum bending moment in the center of the section under construction load is
6410 kN.m. The bending capacity of the main beam is specified in AS 5100.6, Section
5.6 as follows:
Mb = αm x αs x Ms ≤ Ms
E10 Verification of composite girder
E10.1 Sagging bending in main girder
The design elastic flexural strength for a stepped beam depends on the design effects
on the steps. The bare steel cross section is not compact when bent and the composite
cross section is compact. The effects (stresses) in the cross section were calculated
based on the properties of the gross cross section for the effects in the steel beam plus
the properties of the effective cross section in the composite cross section.
E10.2 Verification of cross girders
As already mentioned, the stresses in the cross members for the loads considered in
the calculation are within the elastic limits. However, these crossbars are necessary to
prevent the plate from bending in the printing area. The cross members must be stiff
and strong enough to perform this function in addition to the already calculated
resilience. Note that the intermediate cross members effectively act as simply
supported beams to carry the load from the roof.
E11 Longitudinal shear
The resistance to longitudinal shear is verified for the web/flange weld, the shear
connectors and the transverse reinforcement at the supports and at mid-span. (In
practice, intermediate values would also be verified, to optimise the provision of
shear connectors.)

E11.1 Effects for maximum shear

E11.2 Section properties
To determine shear flows the parameter At Yc/It is needed for each section and stage.

E11.3 Shear flow at ULS

Force at the web/top flange junction
At abutment 1046 x 0.537 + 521 x 0.682 + 1182 x 0.715 = 1762 kN/m
Force at the flange/slab junction
At abutment 521 x 0.514 + 1182 x 0.656 = 1043 kN/m
E11.4 Shear flow at SLS
Force at flange/slab junction
At abutment 386 x 0.514 + 703 x 0.656 = 660 kN/m
The shear flow at SLS is required for verification of the shear connectors.

E11.5 Web/flange weld

Design weld resistance is given in tables 9.8 and 9.9 of ASI (1999) design capacity
tables. For 6mm throat SP fillet weld tw=8mm.
Nw6mm = 1.11 kN / mm
Resistance of two welds = 2220 kN/m > 1762 kN/m, shear flow at top flange – OK
Shear flows at bottom flange are slightly less and are OK by inspection.