1.

1 ELECTRICAL MACHINES,
TRANSFORMERS, AND DAILY
LIFE
WHAT IS AN ELECTRICAL
MACHINE?
An electrical machine is a device which
converts mechanical energy into electrical
energy or vice versa. Electrical
machines also include transformers,
which do not actually make conversion
between mechanical and electrical form
but they convert AC current from one
voltage level to another voltage level.
 3 TYPES OF ELECTRICAL
DEVICE
• GENERATOR
• MOTOR
• TRANSFORMER
When a device is used to convert
mechanical energy to electrical energy, it
is called a generator. In a generator, the
input is mechanical power and the output
is electrical power.

When it converts electrical energy to

mechanical energy, it is called a motor. In
a motor, the input is electrical power and
output is mechanical power.

In the transformer, both input and

output are electrical power.
Why are electric motors and
generators so common?
Electric power is a clean and efficient
energy source that is easy to transmit over
long distances, and easy to control.

An electric motor does not require

constant ventilation and fuel the way that
an internal-combustion engine does, so
the motor is very well suited for use in
environments where the pollutants
associated with combustion are not
desirable.
Instead, heat or mechanical energy can be
converted to electrical form at a distant
location, the energy can be transmitted
over long distances to the place where it is
to be used, and it can be used cleanly in
any home, office, or factory.

Transformers aid this process by reducing

the energy loss between the point of
electric power generation and the point of
its use.
1.2 A NOTE ON UNITS AND
NOTATION
 DIFFERENCE OF VECTOR AND
SCALAR QUANTITIES

A quantity that has magnitude but no

particular direction is described as scalar.
Example: volume, density, distance

A quantity that has magnitude and acts in

a particular direction is described as
vector.
Example: displacement, velocity, force
1.3 ROTATIONAL MOTION,
NEWTON'S LAW, AND
POWER RELATIONSHIPS
 ANGULAR POSITION (θ)
Is the orientation of a body or figure with
respect to a specified reference position as
expressed by the amount of rotation
necessary to change from one orientation
to the other about a specified axis.

Angular position is usually measured in

radians or degrees. It corresponds to the
linear concept of distance along a line.
 
ANGULAR VELOCITY )
Angular velocity (or speed) is the rate of
change in angular position with respect to
time.

It is assumed positive if the rotation is in a

counterclockwise direction.
One-dimensional linear velocity along a
line is defined as the rate of change of the
displacement along the line (r) with
respect to time.
 
𝒅𝒓
𝒗 = (1-1)
𝒅𝒕
Similarly, angular velocity w is defined as
the rate of change of the angular
displacement θ with respect to time.
  𝒅 θ
𝒘 = (1-2)
𝒅𝒕
If the units of angular position are
radians, then angular velocity is measured
in radians per second.
 angular velocity expressed in
 
𝑤𝑚 radians per second
angular velocity expressed in
 
𝑓 𝑚 revolutions per second
angular velocity expressed in
 
𝑛𝑚 radians per minute
 
𝒏𝒎 =𝟔𝟎 𝒇(1-3a)
𝒎

  𝒘𝒎
𝒇 𝒎= (1-3b)
𝟐 𝝅
 ANGULAR ACCELERATION ()
 

The angular acceleration is also known

as rotational acceleration. It is a
quantitative expression of the change in
angular velocity per unit time.

It is assumed positive if the angular

velocity is increasing in an algebraic sense
.
One-dimensional linear acceleration is
defined by the equation
 
𝒅𝒗
𝒂 = (1-4)
𝒅𝒕
Angular acceleration is defined by
 
𝒅𝒘
𝒂=
𝒅𝒕(1-5)
If the units of angular velocity are radians
per second, then angular acceleration is
measured in radians per second squared.
 
TORQUE ()
Torque is a measure of the force that can
cause an object to rotate about an axis.
Just as force is what causes an object to
accelerate in linear kinematics, torque is
what causes an object to acquire angular
acceleration.

Torque is a vector quantity. The direction

of the torque vector depends on the
direction of the force on the axis.
If r is a vector pointing from the axis of
rotation to the point of application of the
force, and if F is the applied force, then
the torque can be described as

 
= (force applied)(perpendicular distance)
= (F) (r sin θ)
= rF sin θ , newton-meter or pound-feet
(1-6)
where θ is the angle between the vector r
and the vector F.
NEWTON’S LAW OF ROTATION

(1-7)
  
𝝉 =𝑱𝒂 (1-8)
where:
 

= net applied torque in newton-meters

or pound-feet
= resulting angular acceleration in radians
per second squared.
= object's mass in linear motion. It is
called the moment of inertia of the object
and is measured in kilogram-meters
squared or slug-feet squared.
 WORK W
Work is a measure of energy transfer that
occurs when an object is moved over a
distance by an external force at least part
of which is applied in the direction of the
displacement.
In linear motion, assuming that the force
is collinear with the direction of motion:
 

𝑾=∫ 𝑭 𝒅𝒓 (1-9)
When constant force applied collinearly
with the direction of motion:
 
𝑾 = 𝑭𝒓 (1-10)
The units of work are joules in SI and
foot-pounds in the English system.
For rotational motion, work is the
application
 
of a torque through an angle.

𝑾=∫ 𝝉 𝒅 θ (1-11)
If torque is constant,
𝑾 =𝝉 θ
 
(1-12)
 POWER P
Power is a measure of the rate at which
work is done (or similarly, at which energy
is transferred).
  𝒅𝑾
𝑷= (1-13)
𝒅𝒕
It is usually measured in joules per
second (watts), but also can be measured
in foot-pounds per second or in
horsepower.
Assuming that force is constant and
collinear with the direction of motion,
 
𝒅𝑾 𝒅 𝒅𝒓
𝑷=
𝒅𝒕
= ( 𝑭𝒓 )=𝑭
𝒅𝒕 ( )
𝒅𝒕
=𝑭𝒗 (1-14)

Assuming constant torque, power in

rotational motion is
 
𝒅𝑾 𝒅 𝒅θ
𝑷=
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 ( )
= ( 𝝉 θ ) =𝝉
𝒅𝒕
=𝝉 𝒘 (1-15)
when torque is measured in pound-feet
and speed is measured in revolutions per
minute, the conversions are:
  𝒓𝒆𝒗
𝝉 ( 𝒍𝒃 − 𝒇𝒕 ) 𝒏( )
𝑷 ( 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔)=
𝒎𝒊𝒏 (1-16)
𝟕 .𝟎𝟒

  𝒓𝒆𝒗
𝝉 ( 𝒍𝒃 − 𝒇𝒕 ) 𝒏( )
𝑷 (𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒔𝒆𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 )=
𝒎𝒊𝒏 (1-17)
𝟓𝟐𝟓𝟐