Basic Concept of Gender and Development

GENDER AND
DEVELOPMENT
Basic Concepts
MAC PAUL V. ALARIAO

Member
National GAD Resource Pool (Batch 7)
National GAD Resource Program
Philippine Commission on Women Philippine Commission on Women
Flow of discussion
Foundational concepts Principle of Gender and Development
• Sex and Gender • Development of All
• Socialization of power (and • Custodian of people’s trust
discrimination)
• Manifestations of Gender Bias
How
What (is GAD)
Directional requirements
• Gender mainstreaming Why (implement GAD)
(to do GAD)
Essential instrumentalities
• Compliance to requirements
• Commitment to principles
Philippine Commission on Women
• Obligations to development
WHAT IS GAD?

WHAT IS GAD?

WHY US?
Gender issues affect all of us. But instead of solving
them, we all contribute to their perpetuation.
Everyone who believes in the vision of

attaining a full and satisfying life for all has
an obligation to help pursue GAD.

WHY US?
We are mandated by international
treaties/commitments, laws and policies
We are custodians of peoples’ trust and

resources. We have the power, knowledge, skills
and resources to make development work for
everybody.

WHY
GAD?

Because…
H ealth
e
DUCATION/Environment
l
IVELIHOOD
pROTECTION
Social services

• GAA: GAD Budget =5%++,
• COA (AOM)
• International :
• CEDAW, BPfA
• MDGs to SDGs
• National :
• PH Constitution, MCW etc (Women as
equal partner in Nation Building)
• PPGD (1995-2025) (Women’s
Empowerment and Gender Equality)
• Ambisyon Natin 2040 (Pamilyang Pilipino:
Matatag,Maginhawa,Panatag
• PDP 2016-2022 (Malasakit, Pagbabago,
Patuloy na Pag-unlad)
Gender equality, Participatory governance, Inclusive growth, Freedom

from hunger and poverty, Just and humane society
Philippine Commission on Women DEVELOPMENT IS FOR ALL
WHERE IS GAD?
PAPs
ENABLING (Program
POLICY PEOPLE MECHANISM Activities and
Projects)
GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT

WHAT ARE WE DOING?
WHAT SHOULD WE DO?
ARE WE ADDRESSING IT
PROPERLY?
HOW DO WE DO
GAD IN THE PH?
GENDER MAINSTREAMING
• Gender mainstreaming as the strategy
• Major global strategy for ensuring that the government pursues
gender equality in all aspects of the development process
• Look more comprehensively at the relationships between men and
women in their access and control over resources, decision making,
and benefits and rewards
• Necessitates the transformation of institutional structures, culture
and practices

Gender Gender
Gender Gender Gender Gender FAIR/ ACCOUN-
BLIND AWARE SENSITIVE RESPONSIVE
EQUAL TABLE
Failure to Ability to view Aim at Being GR is a State of equal Obligation and

recognize the society from understanding perspective that ease of access to responsibility on the
roles and the perspective and taking into requires process resources and part of state
responsibilities of gender roles account the of overcoming opportunities structures and public
of women and and understand societal and historical gender regardless of officials to
biases. gender, • implement gender
men ascribe to how this had cultural factors
• GR plans including econ, mainstreaming
or imposed affected involved in
political, and and
upon by social, women’s needs gender based integrate
• achieve gender
cultural, in comparison exclusion and measures to cultural
equality policy
economic and to the needs of discrimination in promote GE • state of
objectives and
political men public and private and WE valuing • be answerable in
different the event of
behaviors, failure to meet
Philippine Commission on Women aspirations objectives
and needs
PHIL COM ON WOMEN TOOLS
ORGANIZATION PPAs LGUs

Levelling off on the Core GAD Messages
in the 3 GAD Modules:
1 2 3
Gender Gender GAD
Sensitivity Analysis and Planning and
Training ++ GA Tools Budgeting

Foundational
Concepts of GAD
“Sex”
- biological differences
between women and men
- permanent and universal. “Gender”
- socially constructed
- social relations between
women and men
- the relationship between
women and men, girls and
boys,
- Gender roles are dynamic and
Philippine Commission on Womenchange over time.
Gender socialization
is the process by
which individuals are
informed about
norms, traditions,
behaviours,
associated in our
assigned sex usually
during our childhood
development
Agents/Institutions of Socialization
• Manipulation • Religious • Formal • Portrayals • Laws

• Canalization teachings curriculum • Narratives • Policies
• Verbal • Declaration • Hidden • Images • Commitments
Appellation and curriculum • Actors and Principles
• Activity interpretations • Absent • Decision
Exposure of faith based curriculum makers
doctrines
• Institutional
structures and
symbols
SEX ROLES AND GENDER ROLES
Sex Roles
General set of expectations attached to
being a man / woman.
Gender Roles
Learned behaviors in a given
society/community, or other special
group, that condition which activities and
responsibilities are perceived as male
and female.
THE WORLD OF WORK
Productive Role - Involves producing goods
and services for consumption and trade. (i.e.
paid work)
Reproductive Role - Involves care and maintenance of
the household and its members - including bearing
and caring for children, food preparation, water, fuel
collection, shopping, housekeeping, family care.(i.e.
unpaid work, invisible in the economy)
Community Role - Involves the collective organizations

of social events and services. Involves considerable
volunteer. (i.e. volunteer as “who is free to attend”)
Manifestations of Gender Bias
Gender stereotypes
if you say that men are better than women, you're
Stereotyping stereotyping all men and all women. If you say that
Preconceived ideas whereby all women like to cook, you are stereotyping
females and males are women.
arbitrarily assigned
characteristics and roles Sexual orientation stereotypes are also common
determined and limited by These stereotypes occur when you have negative
their gender. views on gays, lesbians, and transgender
individuals. People who have these negative views
are often known as homophobic.

Marginalization
Process of pushing a particular group or groups
of people to the edge of society by not allowing
them an active voice, identity, or place in it.
Subordination
Act of giving someone or something less
importance of power.

Multiple Burden
A term used to describe the situation of
women who perform paid work outside the
domestic sphere as well as homemaking and
child-care work inside the home. .
 Male spouses with wives working outside localities failed to perform

parental responsibilities due to lack of knowledge on parenting.

Gender Based Violence
Unequal power
Any harmful act
GBV involves relationships
that is
based on
the abuse of socially ascribed
perpetrated
power. against a
gender
person’s will.
differences.
Often used interchangeably with the term

“Violence against women”
POWER and/in relationships/roles etc.
“Power over”- one’s ability to dominate others, to make them do
what you want.
POWER “Power to” - one’s ability to act on his/her own. Intellect,

resources, and knowledge are among the sources of such power.
“Power with” - one’s ability to cooperate with others to

accomplish something.
“Power within”- is related to person’s sense of self worth and self

knowledge, it includes the ability to recognize individual differences.
It allows people to recognize their “power to” and “power with”
Philippine Commission on Women 28
Introduction to
SOGIESC
(Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity,
Expression and Sex Characteristics)

MAC PAUL V. ALARIAO
Member, PCW National GAD Resource Pool
OBJECTIVES:
After the session, the participants will be able to:
Describe the basics of Sex, Orientation, Gender Identity and
Expression in various learning activities;
Discuss all relevant treaties, conventions and laws discussing the
rights of LGBTQIA+ in local and international setup.
Examine common stereotypes that affect the LGBT community
through dialogues with co-participants.
Formulate all possible ways that will contribute to end discrimination
based on SOGIE in the context of their homes.

Pic!
Pic!
Pic-a-boo!
Ano ang SEX ko? Ano ang GENDER ko?
1.What were you thinking while answering
the activity?
2.What are your bases while answering? Is it
because of their looks or appearances?
Why?
3.Did you have any difficulties in answering
the activity? Where and Why?

ARE YOU FAMILIAR WITH THE
FOLLOWING?

WHAT ARE THE ISSUES AND RECENT EXPERIENCES
OF PEOPLE OF DIVERSE SOGIE?
• People of diverse SOGIE also experience lost economic

opportunities due to discrimination in employment.
• Prejudicial attitudes of some law enforcers and service
providers towards LGBT people deter them from reporting
cases of abuse and violence committed against them.
• The lack of a national policy as legal basis to address these
discriminatory practices leaves the LGBTs with no recourse
for redress; ADOs: 6 provinces, 22 cities, and 2
municipalities
Sources:
Bilon, X. (2018). Anti-discrimination ordinances in the Philippines.
PCW Policy Brief No. 11 Enacting an Anti-Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law (17 th congress)
OF PEOPLE OF DIVERSE SOGIE IN THE AREA OF
EMPLOYMENT?
• An online survey revealed that 3 out of 10
respondents (98 out of 347) experienced unfair
treatment while looking for a job or while at work
• 13.2% refused employment
• 9.7% subjected to sexual harassment
• 7.2% were denied promotion or other incentives in
the last five years of their employment.
• 86% did not report the incident to relevant
authorities.

Source: Universal Periodic Review, Joint Review of CSOs on the Situation of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Intersex and Queer Persons in the PH (3rd Quarter)
OF PEOPLE OF DIVERSE SOGIE IN THE AREA OF
EDUCATION?
• An online survey revealed that experiences of
unfair treatment partially or fully because of
being LGBT is slightly higher in schools than in
general settings
• 48.79% saying they “often” or “sometimes”
encounter unfair treatment or bias attitude
because of their SOGIE
• Only 12.56% reported the incident to school
authorities.

Source: Universal Periodic Review, Joint Review of CSOs on the Situation of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Intersex and Queer Persons in the PH (3rd Quarter)
How do we address the issues
experienced by the LGBTQIA+
people?
• Promoting women’s rights and gender equality -
Enacting a law that prohibits and penalizes acts of
discrimination based on SOGIESC and conducting
activities and interventions that promote equality
• Responding to International Commitments - Rights
protection of persons of diverse SOGIESC is embedded in
international human rights laws/treaties

Source: PCW Policy Brief No. 11 Enacting an Anti-Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law (17th congress)
WHY DO WE NEED TO TALK ABOUT SOGIESC?
• There is a need to break misconceptions that hamper
achievement of gender equality and women
empowerment (GEWE)
• All government agencies are duty-bearers.
• The MCW mandates us to be trained on GS and HR.
• The people of diverse SOGIESC depend on policies and
activities of government agencies to protect and
promote for their rights.
• It will enable the GFPS and government agencies to plan
and implement inclusive policies, programs, projects, and
activities.
Sexual Orientation
and
Gender Identity

Push!
Charot!

CHAROT!
1. Female and male

are what we call
genders.

CHAROT!
2. Gender is
permanent.

CHAROT!
3. A female who falls

in love with another
female is a tomboy.

PUSH!
4. LGBT as a community is
considered vulnerable and
marginalized and therefore
needs recognition, visibility,
and empowerment.

CHAROT!
5. SOGIESC is only
about the LGBTQIA+
community.

CHAROT!
6. Persons living with HIV

(PLHIV) are
considered immoral and that
they suffer God’s
punishment.

CHAROT!
7. LGBTQIA+ people
have mental
disorder.

PUSH!
8. As a duty-bearer, you
are mandated to protect
and promote rights of
people of diverse
SOGIESC through
actions.
SEXUAL ORIENTATION:
Each person’s capacity for
profound emotional, affectional
and sexual attraction to, and
intimate and sexual relations with
Answers: “To whom am I
attracted ? Who do I love?”

SEXUAL ORIENTATION
Heterosexual Bisexual Homosexual

Asexual Pansexual

ORIENTATION TYPES
1. Romantic Orientation- Who you are
romantically attracted to meaning wanting to
be in a romantic relationship with and is
unrelated to sexual attraction.
2. Sexual Orientation- Who you are sexually

attracted to meaning who you get turned on by
or who you would want to engage in sexual
behaviors with.

COMMON
SEXUAL ORIENTATIONS
Heterosexual- attracted to a person of different/opposite
gender identity
Homosexual- attracted to a person of same gender identity
Bisexual- attracted to persons of two or more genders;
attracted to person of any two or more genders

Pansexual- attracted to people of all genders and/or do not
concern gender when attracted towards someone

COMMON
SEXUAL ORIENTATIONS
Androsexual- a person attracted to masculine
gender presentation
Gynosexual- a person attracted to feminine
gender presentation
Asexual- A person who doesn’t have sexual
attraction to anyone
GENDER IDENTITY:
refers to each person’s deeply
felt internal and individual
experience of gender, which may
or may not correspond with the
sex assigned at birth
Answers : “Who am I?”

GENDER IDENTITY
Cisgender Transgender Gender Agender

(cishet, cisgay, cisles)
Fluid

COMMON GENDER IDENTITIES
Cisgender- a person whose gender identity and biological sex
assigned at birth matched
Gender Fluid- a person who is gender fluid may always feel

like a mix of the two traditional genders (man and woman)
Transgender- a person whose gender identity does not align

or is different from the sex assigned at birth
Agender- a person without gender identity or doesn’t identify

with a particular gender
Gender Expression
and
Sex Characteristics

Gender Expression:
the way in which a person

expresses gender identity,
typically through their
appearance, dress, and
behaviour
GENDER EXPRESSION
Feminine Androgynous Masculine

Sex Characteristics:
biological
Physical traits that indicate biological
sex such as chromosomes, genitalia,
gonads, hormones, and reproductive
organs
M, F, and I (1 in 1500-2000, ISNA)

SEX
INTERSEXUAL
MALE
FEMALE
•What is the common thing
between sexual orientation and
gender identity?
•What is the common thing
between gender expression and
sex?

In a nutshell:
We live in a world of diversity.
SOGIE should not be used for unequal treatment
and discrimination.
SOGIE should be discussed.
We invest on our differences.
We are duty-bearers mandated to protect and
promote the rights of everyone.
We can’t force anyone to disclose SOGIESC and
assume.
In the end, we live in a world of diversity.
Everyone should have equal opportunities
to participate in development.
People should not be discriminated
against based on SOGIE.
SOGIE is everyone’s story and not just to
LGBT.
SOGIE is Self-Identification.
Respect is the formula to understanding
SOGIE.
Who are they?:
Quick test

1. Ako si Tony. Ako ay may puke. Sa lalaki lang ako
nagkakaroon ng atraksyon. May kalamyaan ako sa pagkilos
kaya palagi akong sinasabihan na babaeng-babae daw ako
gumalaw.
A. feminine B. feminine
heterosexual heterosexual
female woman female

2. Ako si Oli na may tatlong biolohikal na anak. Humahanga
ako sa parehas na babae at lalaki. Nalilito ako. Pero
sigurado naman ako na babae ang tingin ko sa sarili ko.
Parehas brusko at malambot ang pagkilos ko.
A. B.
androgynous androgynous
bisexual bisexual
woman female woman

A. masculine B. masculine
female female
homosexual heterosexual
trans trans
man/man man/man
3. Lalaking-lalaki daw akong kumilos. Sang-ayon naman ako

dun pero nagkakagusto ako sa lalaki lang. Ang tingin ko sa
sarili ko ay lalaki kahit na babae akong pinanganak.

A. asexual B. agender
female female
4. Ako po si Sam. Isa akong bayolohikal na babae. Nung

tinanong po ako kung kanino ako may crush ng kaibigan ko,
sabi ko po, wala. Eh sa wala akong crush talaga eh.

A. B. feminine
heterosexual homosexual
female female
5. Kakapanganak ko lang nung isang linggo sa bunso namin

ng asawa ko. Buhat nang naging kami nung hayskul pa, wala
na akong ibang minahal at hinangaang iba.

6. Dalawa ang bayolohikal na anak ko sa misis ko dati. Sa
ngayon, kasabay ng paglambot ng pagkilos ko at pagdadamit
ng kasuotang pambabae, naging babae na din ang tingin ko sa
sarili ko. Late bloomer daw ako sabi nila pero wala akong
magagawa, dito ako masaya eh.
A. feminine B. feminine
male trans heterosexual
woman/woman male trans
woman/woman

“Ang mga usapin na may
kinalaman sa kasarian at
pangkasarian ay hindi maliliit na
bagay na pilit lang na
pinapalaki; bagkus malalaking
bagay na pilit lang pinaliliit.”

References
CHR Gender Ombud Guidelines. (2016). Commission on
Human Rights.
ISEAN. (2015). Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and
Expression (SOGIE) Training Package. Jakarta, ISEAN.
Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Expression, and
Sex Characteristics at the Universal Periodic
Review. (2016). ARC International, the International
Bar Association and the International Lesbian, Gay,
Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA).
Understanding Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and
Gender Expression. (n. d.). The Equity Project.

ALMOST THERE…
Tools of analysis on
GENDER Gender Issues
socially-determined/learned behavior
FRAMEWORK
SOCIAL AUTHORITIES OF INTERVENTION
that perpetuate culture WELFARE
GENDER ACCESS
CHURCH ISSUES
STATE that promote CONSCIENTIZATION
FAMILY INEQUALITY PARTICIPATION
SCHOOL EXPLOITATION CONTROL
MEDIA & counter-dev’t
MAINSTREAMING
--w/c created and nurtured an INTEGRATIVE APPROACH
GENDER BIAS for Gender & Development
MARGINALIZATION beneficiaries
stakeholders awareness-
SUBORDINATION raising
VAWC priorities WIP
programs
STEREOTYPING commitment infrastructure
MULTIPLE BURDEN political will resources/budget
Development for ALL!
UNDERSTANDING GENDER EQUALITY

GENDER EQUALITY
Equality refers to similarity of

treatment as it is legally,
constitutionally and divinely given.
It is a fundamental right.
GENDER
Equity refers to a EQUITY
fair sharing of
resources, opportunities and
benefits according to a given
framework.
Equity is often viewed as a favour,
whereas equality is a fundamental
right.

GENDER
EQUALITY
THROUGH
GENDER
EQUITY
IsIsit itTHE
Is EQUAL?
the
FAIR?
SAME? IsIsit itTHE
Is EQUAL?
the FAIR?
SAME?
Make it OUR
story.

Now Our Vision Is
To Have A Gender
Fair Society
Thank you so much!
92

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GENDER AND

MAC PAUL V. ALARIAO

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

Everyone who believes in the vision of

National GAD Resource Program

We are custodians of peoples’ trust and

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

Gender equality, Participatory governance, Inclusive growth, Freedom

GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT

National GAD Resource Program

WHAT SHOULD WE DO?

National GAD Resource Program

Failure to Ability to view Aim at Being GR is a State of equal Obligation and

ORGANIZATION PPAs LGUs

National GAD Resource Program

• Manipulation • Religious • Formal • Portrayals • Laws

Community Role - Involves the collective organizations

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

 Male spouses with wives working outside localities failed to perform

National GAD Resource Program

Often used interchangeably with the term

POWER “Power to” - one’s ability to act on his/her own. Intellect,

“Power with” - one’s ability to cooperate with others to

“Power within”- is related to person’s sense of self worth and self

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

• People of diverse SOGIE also experience lost economic

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

1. Female and male

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

3. A female who falls

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

6. Persons living with HIV

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

Heterosexual Bisexual Homosexual

National GAD Resource Program

2. Sexual Orientation- Who you are sexually

National GAD Resource Program

Bisexual- attracted to persons of two or more genders;

attracted to person of any two or more genders

concern gender when attracted towards someone

National GAD Resource Program