INTEGUMENTARY FISH AND ITS DERIVATIVES

Kelompok 5 :
1. Nurul Jasmin
2. Ratih Purwaningrum
3. Feby Larasati
4. Nisrina Zakia K.
5. Maria Parencia Y.
Integumentary fish and derivatives

• Integumentary system
The integumentary system of fish compries skin and its
derivatives. The major function of the integumentary system
is to protect the fish from external injuries and enemies.

• Structure of skin
The skincomposed of two layers. The outer layer is called
epidermis and the inner layer is called dermis or corium
 The epidermis is a thin, multilayered epithelium derived
from the ectoderm of the embryo. It does not contain blood
vessels.The inner most layer is made up of columnar cells,
called stratum germinativum in which cells are always
multiplying by mitotic division to replace the outer worn out
cells.
The epidermis is a fragile layer which is constantly sloughed
off and renewed.
• Dermis
The dermis is mesodermal in origin and is composed mainly
of fibrous connective tissues with collagen proteins. It
contains blood vessels, nerves, lymph vessels, scales
cutaneous sense organs, chromatophores and adipose
tissues. The dermis is composed of three layers. The thin
upper layer of loose connective tissue, where the scales
have their base, is called stratum spongiosum.
• Mucous/Slime
The goblet or mucoid cells are single-celled glands in the
epidermis, producing a glycoprotein called mucin. This
secretion is fibrous and swells up in water to form a thick
layer of viscous mucous.
Mucous has a protective function against infections and
parasites, reduces the danger of damage to the skin
through collisions and helps the fish to escape the grasp of
predators.
• Types and Structure
The body of all fishes (except the members of the Order-
Siluriformes and some bottom-dwellers) is covered by an
exoskeleton in the form of scales.
The number of scales covering the body remains constant
throughout life, and in general, scale growth is proportional to the
fish growth. According to the mode of origin, there are two types of
scales, placoid and non-placoid. The placoid scale is formed due to
the secretary activities of both epidermis and dermis, while the non-
placoid scale is derived from the dermis only. The scale of teleosts
is of non-placoid type. Structurally, the non-placoid scales are
classified as cosmoid, ganoid or rhomboid, cycloid, and ctenoid.
Cycloid and ctenoid scales are also called bony ridge scales.
a. Placoid scale
The placoid scales are found in the Elasmobranchii and Holocephali. It consists
of two parts: a flattened, disk like basal plate (embedded in the dermis) and a
spine or cusp (projecting out through epidermis). In structure, a placoid scale
resembles that of a tooth.
b. Cosmoid scale
The cosmoid scales were found in the extinct Crossopterygii and Dipnoi. They
are not present in the living fish. In the living Crossopterygii (Latimeria) and
Dipnoi, they have become thin and modified to look like cycloid scales. The
external layer of the cosmoid scale is thin and enamel-like and is called the
vitrodentine. The middle layer is made up of hard, non-cellular, dentine-like
material called the cosmine, and contains a large number of branching tubules
and chambers. The inner layer is made up of vascularised bony substance,
isopedine.
• c. Ganoid scale
The ganoid scales are found in the primitive Actinopterygii
and are of various forms and structures. Ganoid scales are
usually rhomboidal or diamond-shaped. These scales are
heavy and have an outer layer of hard, inorganic, enamel-
like material called ganoine. The middle layer is cosmine
containing numerous branching tubules. The innermost
layer is thickest and is made up of lamellar bone, isopedine.
• Ctenoid scales
 The ctenoid scales are also roughly rounded in shape as in
cycloid scales (Figure 4.10-B).
 The anterior margin has more or less serrated edges.
 Several spines (ctenii) are present on the surface of the posterior
area of the scale which give a rough texture to spiny-rayed fish.
The word 'ctenoid' comes from the Greek word cteno, meaning
comb or spine.
 Found in teleosts having spiny-rayed fins. E.g., Channa spp.,
Anabas spp., and other fishes of Perciformes order.
• Functions of scale
1. The scales of fishes are in the form of exoskeleton, which provides
protection to the body.
2. It protects the body from external injury, parasites, fungus, bacteria and
other microorganisms.
3. In some species (e.g. Puffers), the scales are elongated to form spines for
protection.
4. In most teleosts, the scales along the lateral line become perforated to
communicate sensory canal with the exterior.
5. The scales are of considerable help in calculating the age and growth rate
of fishes.
6. In some fishes, scales exhibit remarkable coloration, which helps the fish to
match with the surroundings.
7. The scales of many fishes show spawning rings and marks (e.g. Salmo
spp.), which are the result of the cessation of feeding and exhaustion during the
spawning period.
Integuments of tetrapods and their derivatives

Epidermal :
 Scales on reptiles : Reptilian scales are overlapping folds
of skin, each scale having an outer surface, an inner
surface, and a hinge region. All the epidermal and dermal
surfaces of each scale are continuous with those of the
next scale.
 feathers and spurs on birds : the birds feathers appear
fuller than those of many birds, and grow in less clearly
defined patterns. Two long curved, extremely sharp spurs
are used in bettles for mates or territory.
 Hair
Hair, scales, feathers, claws,
horns, and nails are animal
structures derived from skin.
The hair shaft extends
above the skin surface, the
hair root extends from the
surface to the base or hair
bulb. Genetics controls
several features of hair:
baldness, color, texture.
Nails
Nails consist of highly keratinized, modified epidermal cells. The nail
arises from the nail bed, which is thickened to form a lunula (or little
moon). Cells forming the nail bed are linked together to form the nail

 Horns
Horn, in zoology, either of the pair of hard
processes that grow from the upper portion of the
head of many hoofed mammals. The term is also
loosely applied to antlers and to similar structures
present on certain lizards, birds, dinosaurs, and
insects. True horns simple unbranched structures
that are never shed are found in cattle, sheep,
goats, and antelopes.
 Mammary glands in mammals
Mammary gland, milk-producing gland characteristic of all
female mammals and present in a rudimentary and
generally nonfunctional form in males. Mammary glands are
regulated by the endocrine system and become functional
in response to the hormonal changes associated with
parturition.