ANTENNA &
WAVE
PROPAGATION
BY SIR QASIM ALI SHAH
 REFLECTOR
ANTENNA
PRESENTED BY:

M.AHMAD (BAEM-F17-018)
HAFIZ FAROOQ AHMED (BAEM-F17-008)
ANTENNA:
A ROD, WIRE, OR OTHER DEVICE USED TO
TRANSMIT OR RECEIVE RADIO OR
TELEVISION SIGNALS
REFLECTOR ANTENNA

An antenna consisting of one or more reflecting

surfaces and a feed system for transmitting and/or
receiving electromagnetic waves.
CHARACTERISTICS:
Gain:
   Gain is a parameter which measures the degree of directivity of
the antenna's radiation pattern. 
   Units

Effective area or aperture:

    The amount of the total aperture of the antenna that is utilized for
 Higher the effective aperture of an antenna, more is the
aperture efficiency.

 Radiation pattern:
      It describes how the antenna radiates energy out into space 
FIELD REGIONS:

The space surrounding an antenna is known as the field region

    It can be divided into 3 regions:
o Reactive near-field (inductive near-field)
o Radiating near-field  (Fresnel region)
o Far-field (Fraunhofer Region)
  
 Reactive Near Field:
   The reactive near field is the region where the fields are reactive i.e. the E
and H fields are out of phase by 90 degrees to each other. For propagating or
radiating fields, the fields must be perpendicular and in phase to each other .

 Radiating Near Field:

   The reactive fields are not dominate and the radiating fields begin to
emerge.The shape of the radiation pattern varies significantly with distance

 Far field:
    The far field is the region far from the antenna
EFFICIENCY:

Efficiency of a transmitting antenna is the ratio of power actually

radiated (in all directions) to the power absorbed by the antenna
terminals.
Typical figures are between 50% and 70%.

Polarization:
 The direction of the electromagnetic fields produced by the
 TYPES OF POLARIZATIONS:
 Linear :
Waves confined to a single plane along the direction of
propagation 
 Circular:
It consists of two linear components that are perpendicular to
each other, equal in amplitude, but have a phase difference of π/2.

 Elliptical:
Waves that are propagated in an elliptical helix. Similar to circular
polarization, elliptical polarization can either be right-hand, or left-hand.