POLITICAL-LEGAL

PERSPECTIVE IN
GENDER AND
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SEXUALITY
 GENDER-BASED
VIOLENCE:
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SURVIVOR, VICTIM,
PERPETRATOR, AND
HUMAN RIGHTS
 Here is where you add your talking points.

understand the definition of gender-based violence, other

01 related terms, and its forms and consequences;

understand gender-based violence as a human rights issue

02
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determine the relationship between human rights and gender-

03 based violence

differentiate perpetrators, survivors, and victims in gender-

04 based violence.
 Did you know?

Gender-based violence - any harmful act that is perpetrated against a persons

will and that is based on socially ascribed gender differences between males
and females (Inter-agency Standing Committee Guidelines for Integrating
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Gender based Violence in Interventions in Humanitarian Action 2015),

 Gender-based
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violence
 Gender-based violence

Gender-based violence is one of the most widespread and human rights

abuses, but least recognized in the world. It refers to any harm perpetrated
against a person's will on the basis of gender, the socially ascribed
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differences between males and females.

 Gender-based violence

Gender-based violence has devastating consequences not only for victims,

but also for society as a whole. It results in physical, sexual, and
psychological harm to both men and women and includes any form of
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violence or abuse that targets men or women on the basis of their sex.
 Gender-based violence

In the Philippines, gender-based violence has clearly been placed in the realm
of women's human rights over the past decade. Prior to 1993, most
governments regarded Violence Against Women (VAW) largely as a private
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matter between individuals.

 Gender-based violence
Gender-based violence experienced by women and girls refers to battering
and other forms of intimate partner violence including marital rape, sexual
violence, dowry-related violence, female infanticide, sexual abuse of female
children in the household, honor crimes, early marriage, forced marriage,
female genital cutting and other traditional practices harmful to women,
sexual harassment in the workplace and educational institutions, commercial
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sexual exploitation, trafficking of girls and women, and violence perpetrated

against domestic workers. (USAID 2009)
 Gender-based violence

Gender-based violence cuts across public and private spheres, including:

home, school, and work, and takes place during peacetime and conflict. It is
both a human rights and a development issue, with negative consequences
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for both women and men.

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 CONSEQUENCES OF GENDER-
BASED VIOLENCE
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― Irene M. Pepperberg
 These consequences include serious, immediate, and long-term
impacts on the sexual, physical, and psychological health of
survivors.
Health consequences
It include unwanted pregnancies, complications from unsafe abortions, sexually transmitted
infections including HIV, injuries, mental health, and psychosocial effects (depression, anxiety,
post-traumatic stress, suicide and death). Violence also affects children's survival, development,
and school participation.

Social consequences
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It extend to families and communities. Families can also be stigmatized as a consequence of

gender-based violence. For example, when children are born following a rape, or if family
members choose to stand by a survivor, fellow members of their community may avoid them.

Economic consequences
It include the cost of public health and social welfare systems and the reduced ability of
many survivors to participate in social and economic life.
 SURVIVOR, VICTIM,
AND PERPETRATOR
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 CONTEMPLATE.
Reflect on the use of the word the use of the word
SURVIVOR or VICTIM.
1. How does a survivor or victim look like?
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2. What are the similarities?

3. What are the differences? Who can be a survivor
or a victim?
 Survivor is the preferred term (not a "victim") of a person who
has lived through an incident of gender-based violence.

A perpetrator is a person, group, or institution that inflicts,

supports, or condones violence or other abuse against a person or
group of persons.
Characteristics of perpetrators include:
a. persons with real or perceived power;
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b. persons in decision-making positions; and

c. persons in authority.

In all incidents of GBV, there is always a survivor/victim and a

perpetrator. Therefore, all actions in the prevention and responses to
GBV need to address both the survivor and the perpetrator.
 Remember:
The words we use communicate a message to people who are
listening. Survivor is the preferred term for those who have lived
through a GBV incident person who commits an act of GBV. There
might be only one perpetrator, or there might be more. In any act of
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GBV, there is a survivor and a perpetrator. All actions in prevention

must address potential survivors and potential perpetrators. Also, all
actions in response need to address both the survivor and the
perpetrator.
 Human Rights What comes to your mind when you hear this word?
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Human rights are universal, inalienable, indivisible, interconnected, and

interdependent. Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms without
distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or
other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, or other status.
 Prevention of and response to gender-based violence is
directly linked to the protection of human rights. Acts of
gender-based violence violate a number of human rights
principles enshrined in international human rights instruments
and in our Philippine Constitution.
These include the following, amongst others:
the right to life, liberty, and property of persons;
the right to the highest attainable standard of physical and
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mental health
the right to freedom from torture or cruel, inhuman, or
degrading treatment or punishment;
the right to freedom of opinion and expression and to
education;
 GENDER-BASED
VIOLENCE:
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POWER, USE OF
FORCE, and
CONSENT
 Here is where you add your talking points.

identify the relationship between abuse of power and GBV;

01
understand that the term "violence in the context of GBV

02 means using some type of force, which may or may not

include physical force;
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understand the meaning of "informed consent" and its

03 relationship to GBV.
POW
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 Perpetrators can have "real" or "perceived" power. Some examples of different types power and powerful
people are the following:
a. Social
-peer pressure, bullying, leader, teacher, parents;
b. Economic
-the perpetrator controls money or access to goods/services/mi favors; sometimes the husband or the
father;
c. Political
-elected leaders, discriminatory laws, President of the United States;
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d. Physical
-strength, size, use of weapons, controlling access or security; soldiers, police, robbers, gangs;
e. Gender
-based (social)-males are usually in a more powerful position than females; and
f. Age
-related-often, the young and elderly people have the least power.
 Power is directly related to choice. The more power one
has, there are more choices available. The less power one
has, fewer choices are available. Unempowered people
have fewer choices and are therefore, more vulnerable to
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abuse. GBV involves the abuse of power. Unequal power

relationships are exploited or abused.
USE OF
FORCE
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 "Force" might be physical, emotional, social, or economic in nature.
It may also involve coercion or pressure. Force also includes
intimidation, threats, persecution, or other forms of psychological or
social pressure. The target of such violence is compelled to behave as
expected or to do what is being requested, for fear of real and harmful
consequences.
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Violence consists of the use of physical force or other means of

coercion such as threat, inducement, or promise of a benefit to obtain
something from a weaker or more vulnerable person. Using violence
involves forcing someone to do something against her/his will use
of force.
 INFORMED
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CONSENT
 Consent means saying "yes," agreeing to something.
Informed consent means making an informed choice freely and
voluntarily by persons in an equal power relationship.
Acts of GBV occur without informed consent. Even if she
says "yes, this is not true consent because it was said under
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duress--the perpetrator(s) used some kind of force to get her to

say yes. Children (under age 18) are deemed unable to give
informed consent for acts such as female genital cutting (FGC),
marriage, sexual relations, etc.
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 CYCLE OF VIOLENCE
The cycle of violence refers to repeated acts of violence repeated acts of violence in a
relationship. It starts with minor incidents and moves on to more serious levels of
violence. The cycle of violence may child who is a victim or witness to violence and may
be repeated when the child becomes an adult.
The impact of being a victim or a witness to violence on a child is traumatic. It can
make a child scared, unhappy, lonely, lose self-confidence, blame themselves, lose sleep,
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and pick up fights with peers.

Children should understand that having conflicts is alright, but resolving conflict
through violence is not right.
When children understand that violence is not acceptable, they will grow up into
adults who respect other people.
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 Summary
GBV is a worldwide phenomenon which must be given
attention nationally and internationally. The consequences
capture almost all spheres of our lives (family, socially,
economically, and health). A main focus of gender-based
violence is Violence Against Women (VAW) affecting women
and girls across their lifespan. VAW also covers a continuum
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of violence which appeared to be unending, with an array of

elements of abuse, coercion or force.

The survivor and perpetrator are important actors in GBV

and VAW cases. GBV and VAW are clear violations of human
rights. All these point to the essence that these acts of
violence are a global and national concern.
 Assessment!
Search the Internet for news regarding GBV. Analyze
the news and identify the institutions, the survivor
and perpetrator, and the rights violated. Write your
answers below.

News Institution Survivor- Rights violated

Perpetrator
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