Electric Machine

Induction Motor
By

Dr. Shorouk Ossama

 Introduction

• In a DC motor this power is supplied to the

armature directly from a DC source.
• In an induction motor this power is induced
in the rotating device.
• An Induction Motor (Synchronous Motor) is a
type of alternating current motor.
• An induction motor is sometimes called a
rotating transformer because the stator
(stationary part) is the primary side of the
transformer and the rotor (rotating part) is the
secondary side.
• No external electrical connections to the
rotor. Its name is derived that the current in
the rotor is induced by the magnetic field
• Three-phase induction motors are the most
common machines in industry because:
1. Simple design, rugged, low-price, easy
maintenance.
2. Wide range of power ratings: fractional
horsepower to 10 MW.
3. Run as constant speed from no-load to
full load
4. Its speed depends on the frequency of
the power source.
 Types of Induction Motor
• The 3-phase AC induction motors are
classified either as squirrel cage or wound-
rotor motors.
• 3-phase motors are self-starting or use no
capacitor, start winding or other starting
device but the single phase induction motor is
required to have a starting mechanism.
 Production of a Rotating
Magnetic Field
• When the three-phase supply is connected to
symmetrical three-phase windings, the current
flowing in the windings produce a magnetic field.
• This magnetic field is constant in magnitude and
rotates at constant speed as shown below, and is
called the Synchronous Speed.
• Balanced three phase windings, i.e.
mechanically displaced 120 degrees from each
other, fed by balanced three phase source. A
rotating magnetic field with constant
magnitude is produced, rotating with a speed.
Construction of a Three-Phase
Induction Motor
• Stator: (Stationary Part)

is constituted by silicon steel alloy or by steel

laminations, insulated one from the other.
• Rotor: (Rotating part)
• Conventional 3-phase windings made of
insulated wire (wound-rotor) similar to the
winding on the stator
• Aluminum bus bars shorted together at the
ends by two aluminum rings, forming a
squirrel-cage shaped circuit (squirrel-cage)
 Squirrel cage rotor

Wound rotor

Notice the
slip rings
 Faults in Induction Motor
• Induction motors and drive systems are
subject to many different types of faults such
as: over-current and over-voltage.
• The need of induction motors condition
monitoring has increased recently.
• Early detection of incipient faults and correct
diagnosis result in fast unscheduled
maintenance and short downtime for the
motor drive system.
Mechanical Faults in Induction
Motor
• Bearing Failure:
• Eccentricity:
When eccentricity becomes large, the resulting
unbalanced radial forces can cause stator to
rotor rub, and this can result in damage of the
stator and rotor.
• The symptoms caused by eccentricity in
induction motor can be summarized as
following:
 (1) Mechanical Vibration;
(2) Asymmetry and deviation of air gap flux,
voltages and line currents;
(3) Increasing torque and speed variations;
(4) Decreasing average torque;
(5) Increasing losses and decreasing efficiency;
(6) Rising temperature.
 Principle of Operation of a
Three-Phase Induction Motor
• When a three-phase supply is connected to
the stator windings.
• A rotating magnetic field is produced. As the
magnetic flux cuts a bar on the rotor, an e.m.f.
is induced in it.
• The magnetic field associated with this
current flowing in the bars interacts with the
rotating magnetic field and a force is
produced.
 Slip
• The force exerted by the rotor bars causes
the rotor to turn in the direction of the
rotating magnetic field.

• The difference between the rotor speed, nr,

and the synchronous speed, ns, is called the
Slip Speed.

Slip Speed = ns ― nr ( rpm or rev/s )

• The ratio (ns ― nr)/ ns is called the Fractional
Slip or just the Slip, s, and is usually expressed
as a percentage. Thus

Slip , S = (ns ― nr)/ ns

• Typical values of slip between no load and full

load are about 4 to 5 per cent for small motors
and 1.5 to2 per cent for large motors.
 Rotor E.M.F. and Other
Parameters
• Rotor e.m.f:
When an induction motor is stationary, the
stator and rotor windings form the equivalent
of a transformer.
•when running, rotor e.m.f.
per phase = Er = SE2
• rotor e.m.f. per phase
• Rotor Frequency
The rotor e.m.f. is induced by an alternating
flux and the rate at which the flux passes the
conductors is the slip speed.
Thus the frequency of the rotor e.m.f. is given
by:
Fr = (ns ― nr) p =( ns ― nr) p × (ns / ns)
However (ns ― nr)/ns is the slip S and (ns p) is
the supply frequency f ,
Hence, fr = S f
• Rotor Resistance
The rotor resistance R2 is unaffected by
frequency or slip, and hence remains
constant.

Xr = 2π fr L
= 2π (S f ) L
= S (2π f L)
X r = S X2
• Rotor Impedance

Rotor impedance per phase,

when running: Z r =
At standstill, slip S = 1, then: Z r =

• Rotor Current

At standstill (S=1), starting current: I2 = E2 / Z2

Rotor current, when running: Ir = Er / Zr
 Losses and Power Stages
• the various losses during the energy
conversion are:
1. Fixed Losses
(i) Stator iron loss
(ii) Friction and windage loss

2.Variable Losses
(i) Stator copper loss
(ii) Rotor copper loss
• Stator Input, Pi = P1 = Stator output + stator losses
• Rotor Input, P2 = Pr = Stator output
• Mechanical Power, Pm = Pr ­Rotor Cu loss
• Mechanical Power at Shaft,
Pout = Pm ­Friction and windage loss
• Example 1

The power supplied to a three-phase induction

motor is 32 kW and the stator losses are 1200W.
If the slip is 5 per cent, determine:
a) The rotor copper loss,
b) The total mechanical power developed by the
rotor,
c) The output power of the motor if friction and
windages losses are 750W,
a) Input power to rotor =
= Stator input power - Stator losses
= 32kW ‒ 1.2 Kw = 30.8 Kw
So, Rotor copper losses = S P2 = 0.005 × 30.8
kW= 1.54kW
b) Total mechanical power developed by the
rotor = rotor input power ‒ rotor losses =
30.8 ‒ 1.54 = 29.26 kW
c) Output power of motor = power developed
by the rotor ‒friction and windage losses =
29.26 ‒ 0.75 = 28.51kW
 Speed Control of 3-phase
Induction Motor
N = (1 ‒ s) N s = (1‒ s)
 
The speed N of an induction motor can be
varied by changing:
• Supply frequency f
• Number of poles P on the stator
• Slip (S)
 Starting of 3-phase Induction
Motor
• At starting, the voltage induced in the induction
motor is maximum. Since the rotor impedance is
low, the rotor current is large. This large rotor
current is reflected in the stator because of
transformer action. This results in high starting
current (4 to 10 times the full-load current)
• Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the
magnitude of stator current at starting and
several methods are depending upon the size
of the motor and the type of the motor. The
common methods used to start induction
motors:
• Direct-on-line starting
• Stator resistance starting
• Autotransformer starting
• Star-delta starting
• Rotor resistance starting
 Induction Motor Ratings

• The nameplate of a 3-phase induction motor

provides the following information:
- Horsepower
- Line voltage
- Line current
- Speed
- Frequency
- Temperature rise
Thanks