GROUP 2-CDI1

REPORTING
Cuizon, Dan Alfel R..
Dalmacio, Mark Vincent C.
Dapulano, Jayvee Mark T.
Dauplo, Junbert M.
Dayson, Cristina P.
Delcarmen, Wencel L.
Diaz, Kenan Arnold I.
Dinoy, Jovie
 INITIAL STEPS IN CRIMINAL
INVESTIGATION
The (9) Golden Rules to be observed by the i
nvestigator upon his arrival at the scene of t
he crime.
A. Identify and if possible, retain for questio
ning the person who first notified the police.
B. Determine the perpetrator by direct or ob
serve him, if his identity is immediately appa
rent.
C. Detain all persons present at the scene.
D. Summon assistance, if ne
cessary.
E. Safeguard the area by iss
uing appropriate orders and
physically isolating it.
F. Subsequently, permit onl
y authorized persons to ente
r the area.
G. Separate the witness in ord
er to obtain independent state
ments.
H. Do not touch or move any obj
ect.
I. Identify and assign the duti
es of the search if
assistants are present.
One of the Golden Rule is ¨Do not
touch or Move any Object.¨The prim
ary job of an investigator before
applying this is rule is:
The investigator upon his arrival at the scene of the crime should co
nsider the following two important steps before he touches or moves
any object.

A. If a victim is still alive, the investigator should try to gather or acqu

ire information from the victim himself with regard to the surroundin
g circumstances of the crime, while calling for the
assistance for an ambulance from the nearest hospital. Then
measure,sketch and photograph the crime scene immediately after t
he victim is removed and brought to the hospital for medical attenda
nce.
B. If the victim is dead,
the body should be removed
only
after the crime scene is me
asured,
sketched and photographed.
ASSIGNMENT OF DUTIES

Only one investigator may be assigned t

o handle a case when it is a minor one
if the workload of the office is great.
When a case is relatively important an
d to ensure thoroughness of the investi
gation, several investigators may be as
signed to handle the case. If there are
many investigators assigned to form a t
eam, the followingarrangement is recomm
ended to insure maximum effectiveness.
A. Officer - in - charged ---- One
who directs the search, assigns duti
es, and assumesresponsibility for th
e effectiveness of the search.

B. Assistant --- He must implement

the order of the Officer-in charge.

C. Photographer --- He photographs

the scene and individual pieces of
evidence.
D. Sketcher --- He
makes a rough sketch of the scene
given and later finishes 2 sketches.

E. Master Note-taker --- Ones who

write down in short hand the observations a
nddescriptions
during the search.

F. Evidence Man --- He collects, preserves

and tags articles of evidence.

G. Measurer ---He makes over all measuremen

ts of the scene.
THE SEARCH
Before the actual search is done, th
e
investigator must stand aside and ma
ke an estimate of the situation. A c
ertain area where there are no possi
ble traces of the crime may be made
as the ¨head quarters.¨Having formed
the estimate, the investigator can n
ow determine the number, kind and vi
ews of the photographs he wishes to
be taken.
A plan for the search should
be formed which will cover a
ll the grounds. Every step o
f an investigation must be u
ndertaken with the thought o
f ultimate presentation inco
urt. Notes and measurement m
ust supplement the sketches
and photographs.
The basic guide for the investigator to look upon are
evidence to establish one or more of the following:
1. The corpus delicti or the fact that a crime is comm
itted.
2. The methods of operations of the perpetrator.
3. The identity of the guilty party. If the area to be
searched is limited indoors with few contents or any o
thersituation which will preclude a systematic search,
no
standard procedure of search is recommended. Any metho
d of choice will do, provided that alertness, knowledg
e and experience of the participating investigators ar
e present.
If the area to be searched is quite extens
ive, a more systematic scheme of approach
is recommended. The following are the diff
erent methods of search:
1. Spiral method
The searchers follow each other in the pat
h of a spiral, beginning on the outside an
d spiralling in towards the center.
2. Line or Strip Method
The searchers (1,2&3) proceed slowly at th
e same pace along the path parallel to one
side of the rectangle. At the end of the r
ectangle, the searchers turn and
proceed back along new lanes but parallel
to the movement.
The grid method is best used in large c
ime scenes such as fields or
woods. Several searchers, or a line of
hem, move alongside each other from one
endof the
area to be searched to the other.
4. Zone Method
The area to be searched is divided into
quadrants and each searcher is assigned
to one quadrant.
5. Wheel or Pie Method
If the area to be searched is approxima
ely circular or oval, the wheel
method may be used. The searchers gathe
at the center and proceed outward along
The principal draw back of this me
thod is that the distance between
searchers increases as they depart
from the center.
The investigator must see to it th
at the search made with the employ
ment
of any of the above methods must b
e thorough.
The discovery of any physical evidenc
e in the course of the search must be
collected and preserved without speci
fic regard of their relation to the c
rime. Basically, a searcher must prim
arily concentrate on the following ty
pes of evidence.
1. Those which establish the element
of proof that the crime was committed
.
2. Those which may serve to trace the
criminal.
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE CRIME
After completion of the search, a
n effort must be made to determin
e from the appearance of the plac
e and its object what actually o
ccurred and what the circumstance
s of a crime were. This is known
as reconstructing the crime.
a. Physical reconstruction - the phys
ical appearance of the crime scene is
reconstructed from the description of
witnesses and the indication of the p
hysical evidence.
b. Mental reconstruction
- from the physical reconstruction, s
ome conclusions can be made concernin
g the consistency of the accounts of
various witnesses. No assumptions sho
uld be made concerning actions which
are not
supported by evidence. The final theo
ry developed by the investigator shou
EQUIPMENT USED IN THE SEARCH

a. Searching Tools - Flashlight , magnifie

r

b. Sketching Instruments-
B.1- measuring device - compass, steel tape
, ruler
B.2- recording Materials - chalk, graphing
paper, sketching pad, clip board,paperpad,
for notetaking.
B.3-collection of the evidence - cutting fl
iers, knife, screw driver, shear scalpel, d
ropper, forceps, fingerprinting equipment.
PHOTOGRAPHING THE CRIME SCENE

There must be a series of pho

tographs of the crime scene t
o supply the maximum informat
ion and to enable the viewer
to understand how the crime w
as committed.
The minimum requirement to be observ
ed by the
investigator to insure the admissibi
lity of photographs in the court.
1. The object which is presented sho
uld not be immaterial or irrelevant.
2. The photograph should not unduly
incite prejudice or sympathy.
3. The photograph should be free fro
m distortion.
THE FOLLOWING FORMS;
1. Incorrect point of view - the photo
graph may obscure essential objects an
d emphasize others.
2. Perspective - distortion of the pic
ture may be due to the improper relati
onship of local length of lenses of pr
int viewing distance and tilting of th
e plate or lens board.
Tone- misrepresentation of tones can b
e accomplished by the
manipulation of exposure, development
and choice of printing paper.
KINDS OF PHOTOGRAPHS TO BE TAKEN AT TH
E SCENE OF THE CRIME
a. Over all photographs - carried cloc
kwise untilat least four general view
photographs have been taken.
b. Photographs of the deceased - a set
of views showing the relationship of t
he dead body with the surroundings.
c. Photographs of the article of evide
nce - weapons, blood stains, hair, fib
ers,papers, etc., seen at the crime sc
ene must be photographed before remov
al.
d. Special techniques - Ultraviolet and in
frared , orthostereos-cipy,photomicrograph
y, microphotography, radiography, gammagra
phy, cinematography and projection work.

e. Photographs of the environs--

f. Photographs of the body removal

1. Photographing the body after removal fo

r identification of the victim.
2. Close- up pictures of wounds.
PHOTOGRAPHIC DATA

A complete record of each photograph shou

ld be made in a notebook so that the
following minimum essentials are availabl
e.

1. Data to identify the

photograph with the offense.
2. Data to identify the photographer.
3. Data to orient the camera position wit
h the scene.
4. The date and hour when each photograph
was taken.
5. Data reflecting the ligh
t and weather condition whe
n each photograph was
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