Ideal Science Academy: 1) Physical

2013
X SAS
IDEAL SCIENCE
ACADEMY
(CONTACT #
0344 -78 46
394 )
9 TH
CLASS
PHYSICS
NOTES
1)
PHYSICAL
I d e a l Science A c a d e m y
QUANTITIES &
MEASURMENTS
2) KINEMATICS
3) DYNAMICS
NOTES OF PHYSICS 9TH CLASS

ENGLISH MEDIUM
COMPLETE FIRST THREE CHAPTER
PROBLEMS,SHORT AND LONG 2
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Asif Rasheed BS (HONS) Physics # 0344

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QUESTION
S
IDEAL SCIENCE
ACADEMY
ASIF RASHEED BS 3
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HOAsiNf 0344
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Ra SshePedHBSY(HSOINCS)SPhyscis #
Unit No 1
(1) Define Physics?

(2)Ans: The branch of science which deals with the study of matter and energy
and their mutual relationship is called Physics.
(2) Write names of the branches of Physics?
Ans: (1) Mechanics (2) Heat & Thermodynamics (3) Sound (4) Light
(5) Electromagnetism (6) Atomic and Molecular Physics (7) Nuclear Physics (8)
Plasma Physics (9) Solid Physics
Why do we study physics?
We study physics to under stand the laws of nature and how nature effects the
human action.
(3) Define Plasma?
Ans: The state of matter at a very high temperature comprising the ions and
electrons is called plasma.
(4) Name the branches of physics overlapping the other branches of

science? 4
(1) Astrophysics (2) Geophysics (3) Biophysics
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Ans:

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(7) Who studied the freely falling bodies?
Ans: Galileo studied the freely falling bodies
BRANCHES OF PHYSICS:
Mechanics:
It is the study of motion of objects, the causes and effect.
Heat:
It deals with the nature of heat, modes of transfer and effects of heat.
Sound:
It deals with the physical aspects of sound waves, their production, properties and
applications.
Light (Optics):
It is the study of physical aspects of light, its properties, working and use of optical
instruments.
Electricity and magnetism:
It is the study of the changes at rest and in motion, their effects and their
relationships with magnetism.
Atomic physics:
It is the study of the structure and properties of atom.

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Nuclear physics:

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It deals with the properties and behaviour of nuclei and the particles within the
nuclei.
Plasma physics:
It is the study of production, properties of the ionic state of matter – The fourth
state of matter.
Geophysics:
It is the study of the internal structure of the earth.
System international units:
A world-wide system of measurements is known as system international units

(SI). In
SI, the units of seven base quantities are meter, kilogram, second, ampere, Kelvin,
candela and mole.
vernier callipers:
An instrument used to measure small lengths such as internal and external diameter or
length of a cylinder etc is called vernier calipers.
Least count of vernier calliper is 1/10 cm or 0.1 cm which is also called vernier
constant.
Screw gauge:
A screw gauge is used to measure small lengths such as diameter of a wire,

thickness of a metal sheet etc.
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The least count of micrometer screw gauge is 0.01 mm.

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Physical balance
Physical balance is a modified type of a beam balance used to measure small

masses by comparison with greater accuracy.
MEASUREMENTS
Why a standard unit is need to measure a quantity correctly.

Ans:
Various units have been in use in different times in different parts of the
world. The fast means of communication systems have changed the world into a
global village. Due to this reason an international system of units for mutual
business became essential.
The eleventh general conference of weights and measures recommended
that all
the countries of world should adopted a system of same kind of standard
units, consisting of seven base units known as international system of units (SI)
and derived units.
Q: What is meant by base and derived units? Give three examples of derived
units and explain how they are derived from base units.
Ans:
Base Units:
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The units of base quantities are called base units.
Examples:
Kilogram (kg), meter (m), second (s), Ampere (A)
Derived Units:
The units of derived quantities which are derived from base units
are called derived units.
Examples:
Unit of Area: m2.
Unit
of Volume: m3 Unit of
Density: Kg m-3
Unit of speed: meter
per second (ms-1), Unit of weight:
Newton
Unit of force: Newton,
Unit of Pressure:
Pascal
Q : How they are

derived from base units:
These units are obtained by multiplication, division or
both of base units. Unit of Area: length x breadth
Unit of length
8
x unit of breadth Meter x meter
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mx m
Asif Rasheed
:m BS (HONS) Physics #
2
0344
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Unit of Volume: length x breadth x height
Unit of length x unit of breadth x unit of height
Meter x meter x meter
mxmx m
: m3
Unit of Density: Mass

Volume
Unit of mass
Unit of volume
Q: What is the number of base units in System International (SI)?
Ans.
There are seven base units which are given below
Number Physical Quantity Unit Symbol
1. Length Meter (m
2. Mass Kilogram(kg
3. Time Seconds (s
4. Electric current Ampere( A
5. Temperature Kelvin( K
6. Intensity of light Candela(cd
7. Amount of substance(Mole mol
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Q: Where multiples and sub-multiples of units are used? Describe some
standard prefaces which are internationally used.
Ans. Multiples and sub-multiples of units are used to make very large and very small
mathematical calculations easier. The multiples and sub-multiples are obtained by
multiplying or dividing with ten or power of tens.
The terms used internationally for the multiples and sub-multiples for different units
are called prefixes.
Q: What is the use of vernier calipers? Q1.7

What is meant by its vernier constant? Ans.
A vernier calliper can be used to measure lengths accurately up to one tenth of
a millimetre.
Least Count/Vernier Constant
The minimum length which can be measured accurately with the help of
vernier scale or vernier calipers is called least count.
Least count of vernier calliper is 1/10 mm or 0.1 cm which is also called
vernier constant.
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Q: Explain the statement “A micrometer screw gauge measures more accurately
than a vernier caliper”?
Ans.
Least Count: The minimum length which can be measured accurately is
called least count of any measuring device.
The least count of micrometer screw gauge is 0.01 mm and that of Vernier
calliper is 0.1. cm. So a micrometer screw gauge measures more accurately than a
vernier calliper.
Significant figures:
All accurately known digits and the first doubtful digit in an expression are called
significant figures. It reflects the precision of a measured value of a physical
quantity.
RULES TO FIND THE SIGNIFICANT FIGURE IN A MEASUREMENT:
(i) Digits other than zero are always
significant. 27 have 2 significant digits.
275 have 3 significant digits.
(ii) Zeroes between significant digits are also significant.
2705 have 4 significant digits.

(iii) Final zero or zero after decimal are significant.
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275.00 have 5 significant digits.
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(iv) Zero used for spacing the decimal points is not significant.
Here zero is place holders only.
0.03 has 1 significant digit.
0.027 has 2 significant digits.
(v) In whole numbers that end in 1 or more zero without a decimal point. These zeroes
may or may not be significant. In such cases, it is not clear which zero serve to locate
the position value and which are actually parts of measurements. In such a case,
express the quantity using scientific notation to find the significant zero.
APPLICATION OF PHYSICS
Physics play an important role in our daily life. We hardly find a device where physics is
not involved. Consider pulleys make it easy to left heavy loads. Electricity is not used
only to get light and heat but also mechanical energy that derives fans electric motors
ctc.Consider the means of transportation such as car and aeroplanes domestic
appliances such as air conditioners refrigerators vacuum cleaners washing machine
and micro wave ovens etc.Similarly the means of communication such as radio T V
telephone are the result of application of physics. These devices made our lives much
comfortable and easier than the past.
BOOK EXERCISE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.

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Q: 1.5
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Estimate your age in seconds?

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Ans :
My age is sixteen years. Its value in seconds
16 x 365 x 24 x 60 x 60 = 504576000 seconds.
Q1.6: What role SI units have played in the

progress of science?
Ans : SI units are very easy to use because their addition,
multiplication and division is very easy . These can be written in terms of
multiples of ten.
1.7 SEE ABOVE.
Q1.8: what do you under stand by zero error of measuring
instruments? Ans: When the zero of virnier scale is not coinciding with the zero of
main scale, “then instrument has zero error”
Q1.9: why is the use of zero error in a measuring instrument?
Ans: By the use of zero error the observation taken can be correct, to get
correct observations
Q1.10: What is stop watch? What is the least count of mechanical stop
watch you have use in laboratory?
Ans: The stop watch is used to measure small intervals of time. Its least
count is about 0.1 seconds.
Q1.11: We need to measure extremely small interval of times?
Ans: Small time interval are measured o calculate instantaneous time 13
rate of change of variable.
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Q1.12: What is meant by significant figures of a measurement?

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Ans: All the accurately known digits and the first doubtful digit in an expression are
known as significant figures.
Q1.13: How is precision is related to the significant figures in a measured
quantity?
Ans: More is the number of significant figures, when the measuring instrument used
has small value of its least count. The small value of least count the large is the value of
precision. For example reading taken by screw gauge has more precision than reading
taken by meter rod or verneir scale.
CHAPTER: 1
Physical quantities and measurement
(Problems)
P1.1) Express the following quantities using prefixes.

Solution:
(a) 5000g
As 1000g = 1kg so 5000/1000
=5kg Ans
(b)2000000
w
As 106 = mega
So 2000000 W 14
2x 106
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=2MW

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(c) 52 x 10-10 x kg since 1kg =1000g or103g
=52 x 10-10 x 103g
= 52 x 10-10+3g
= 52 x 10-7g
= 5.2 x 101 x 10-7g
= 5.2 x 10-7+1g
= 5.2 x 10-6g =5.2ug Ans
(d) 225 x 10-8s
=2.25 x 102 x
10-8s
= 2.25 x 102-8s
=2.25 x 10-6s
= 2.25 us
ANS
P1.2) How do prefixes micro, nano and pico related to each other.
As we know that,
Micro =10-6
Nano = 10-9
Pico = 10-12
1 p= 1/1000n
1 p= 1/1000000
µ
1 n= 1/1000 µ 15
1 n = 1000 p
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1 µ = 1000n

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1 µ = 1000000p
P1.3) Your hair grow at the rate of 1mm per day find their growth rate in
nms-1.
As milli = 10-3
Nano = 10-9
1m = 10-6 n 1m = 1000000n
OR
By multiplying „‟m‟‟ on both sides
1mm = 106 nm OR 1mm = 1000000nm
As we know that
One day = 24 hours
One hour = 60 minutes
One minutes = 60s
So
One day = 24 x60 x6
= 86400 s
So the growth rate in
nms-1 is
= 1000000nm/86400s
= 11.57nms-1 Ans
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P1.4) Rewrite the followings in standard form:
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Solution:

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(a)1168 x
Solution:
11.68 x
1.168 x x
1.168 x 10 3-27
1.168 x ANS (b)
32 x
Solution:
3.2 x x
3.2 x 10 1+5
3.2 x
(c) 725 x
7.25 x x g
7.25 x x x 10 -5+3
7.25 x 10 2-2g
7.25 x
7.25g ANS
(d) 0.02 x
Solution:
0.02 x 10-2 x 10-8 17
2 x 10-2-8 (as we know that powers are added up)
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2 x 10-10 ANS

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P1.5) Write the following quantities in scientific notation:
Solution:
(a) 6400km
6.4x103km ANS
(b) 380000km
3.8x105 ANS
(c) 300000000ms-1
3.108ms-1
(d) Seconds in a
day:
24x60x60s=86400
s
8.64x104s ANS
P1.6) Question
on book:
As the zero of Vernier scale is on right so zero error will be positive and if its
4th division is conceding with the main scale then the zero error=0.01x4=0.04
Zero error= +0.04cm
And zero correction= -0.04cm
P1.7) A screw gauge has 50 divisions on its circular scale. The pitch of the screw
gauge is 0.5mm. What is its least count? 18
Solution:
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Least count= pitch of screw gauge/no. of divisions in circular
Asif Rasheed BS (HONS) Physics #

0.5/50=0.01mm 0344
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0.01x10-3m
1x10-5m
1x10-
x100cm
5
1x10 -3cm
0.001cm ANS
P1.8) Which of the following quantities have three significant figures?

Solution:
(a) 3.006m
(b)5.05x10-
kg (c)
21
0.00309kg
(d)301.0s
P1.9) What
are the
significant
figures in
the
following
measureme
nts?
(a) 1.009m (It
19
carry all of
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them 4)
(b)0.00450k
g 0.00450
78
It has 46 394 figures
3 significant
(c) 1.66x10-27kg
1.66x10-27kg
It has 4 significant figures.
P.10) A chocolate wrapper is 6.7cm long, 5.4cm wide. Calculate its area up to
reasonable number of significant figures.
Solution:
Area= length x width
=6.7cm x 5.4cm
= 36.18cm2
Area in significant
figure= 36cm2
Unit # 2 Kinematics
Define Mechanics and its types.

The branch of physics, which deals with the study of motion of bodies, is called
Mechanics. It has two types:
I) Kinematics
ii) Dynamics
Define Types of Mechanics.

Kinematics:
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It is study of motion of bodies without reference of force and mass.
Dynamics:
It is study of motion of bodies with reference of force and mass.
Q2.3 (i) difference between rest and motion?
Define Rest
If a body does not change its position with
respect to some observers then it is
said to be in the state of rest.
Define Motion
If a body is changing its position with respect
of some observers then it is said
to be in the state of motion.
Name the types of motion

a. Translatory Motion
b. Linear motion
c. Circular motion
d. Random motion
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e. Rotatory Motion
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f. Vibratory Motion

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What is the motion butterfly? Executed by
Flight of butterfly is irregular motion. Therefore its motion is called random motion.
What is type of motion of free falling bodies?
Freely falling bodies move downward in straight direction under the force of
gravity. Therefore their motion is called linear motion.
What is the type of motion of a man moving in circular track?

His motion is circulatory motion.
Q2.3 (iii)What is the difference between distance and displacement?
Define Distance
The path between two points is called distance. It is scalar quantity.
Define Displacement
The shortest distance between two points is called displacement. It is
a vector
quantity.
Q2.3 (VI) what is the difference between Scalar and Vector? OR
What are Scalar and Vector Quantities?

Scalars are those quantities which are described by a number with
suitable unit
without direction.
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Vectors are those quantities which can be described by a number with suitable
unit and with direction.
Q2.3 (iv) What is the difference between Velocity and Speed?
Define Velocity (Part of 2.4

The distance covered by a body in a unit time in a particular direction is called
velocity.
” OR
The rate of change of displacement is called velocity. It is denoted by v. It is a
vector quantity.
1. Positive Acceleration If the velocity continuously
increases then the acceleration will be positive.
2. Negative acceleration If the velocity continuously
decreases then the acceleration will be negative.
Define Uniform Speed

If a body covers an equal distance in equal interval of time in a particular
direction, the body is said to be uniform Velocity.

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Define variable velocity
If a body does not cover an equal distance in
equal interval of time in a particular direction, the
body is said to be in variable velocity.
Define relative velocity

When two bodies are in motion then the velocity
of one body relative to other is called relative

velocity.
Define Instantaneous velocity

The velocity of a body at any instance of time is
called instantaneous velocity.
Define Average velocity

Average velocity of a body can be obtained by
dividing the total displacement
Vav
with=total
Displacement/Time
time taken. =
Can a body moving with certain velocity in the direction of East can have
acceleration in the direction of West?
Ans:
Yes, if the velocity of the body decreases, then it will have acceleration in the
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opposite direction, that is, in the direction of west.

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Does speedometer of a car measures its velocity?
It measures only speed but not velocity.
Part of 2.4 Define Acceleration.
The rate of change of velocity is called acceleration.
It is denoted by “a”. It is a
vector quantity.
Define Uniform Acceleration

If velocity of a body is changing equally in equal
intervals of times then its
acceleration will be uniform.
Define Variable Acceleration

If velocity of a body is not changing equally in
equal intervals of times then its
acceleration will be variable.
Define Average Acceleration

The average acceleration can be obtained by
dividing total change in velocity
with total time taken.
aav = Change in Velocity/Total Time
=(Vf – Vi)t
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Define Gravitational Acceleration

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The acceleration of freely falling bodies is called gravitational acceleration. It is
denoted by g. Its value
is 10 meter per second per second (10 ms-2)
2. A body is thrown vertically upward. What is gravitational acceleration?

Ans :
It is 10 meter per second per second (-10 ms-2)
3. What is acceleration of a body moving with uniform velocity?
Ans :
The acceleration will be 0.
4. What consideration should be kept in mind while using equation of motion
for free falling bodies?
• Initial velocity should be taken as zero.
• Acceleration will be taken as (g) instead of (a)
Part of 2.4 Define Speed

The distance covered in unit time is called speed.
Speed = Distance/Time
v = S/t
The unit of speed is

meter per second (ms-1) 26
or m/s
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5. Q#2.7 /Can a body

moving at a constant
speed have acceleration? 0344
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Yes, if it is moving in circular path, it can have acceleration.
6. A body is moving with uniform velocity, what will be its acceleration?
Its acceleration will be zero.
7. A body is moving with a uniform speed. Will its velocity be uniform?
Yes, if it moves in straight line and does not change its direction.
8. Can a body moving with a certain velocity in direction of East,

have Acceleration in the direction of West?
Yes, if its velocity will decrease, it has acceleration in the direction of west.
9. Does speedometer a car measure its velocity?
No, it only measures the speed.
10. Why a stone and a piece of paper when dropped from the same height,
reach the ground at the same time.
Because both have same gravitational acceleration.
11. What type of change will occur in three equations of motion under the
action of gravity?
Acceleration (a) will be replaced with gravitational acceleration (g) in all
equations.
And distance (s) will be changed in to height (h)
Describe the different types of motion in detail?

Motions of bodies are of three types:
Q2.3 (v) What is the difference between linear and random Motion?
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Q2.3 (ii) What is the difference between Circular and
Translatory
Motion?
i) Translatory Motion: -
A motion in which each particle of a body has exactly same
motion is called Translatory Motion. It may be of many kinds for
examples: -
a. Linear Motion: If a body moves in straight line its motion is called linear
motion. e.g. motion of free falling bodies, a man walking on a straight path
b. Circular Motion: If a body moves in a circle its motion is called
circular motion. e.g. motion of stone attached to thread and
whirled.
c. Random Motion: If a body moves in irregular manner its

motion is called
random motion. e.g. motion of butterfly.
ii) Rotatory Motion: - 28

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Motion is said to Rotatory, when the object rotates on its
own axis.
Examples: Rotatory motion of a planets on its axis, wheels of a vehicles,
spinning top, ceiling fan etc.
iii) Vibratory Motion: -
When a body moves to and fro about a point and repeats its motion then its
motion is called vibratory motion. e.g. Motion of simple Pendulum, motion of tuning
fork, A ruler. Place one inch of it on a desk, and the other 11 off the desk. Flick the
end off the desk and watch it vibrate.
Q2.10 How can a vector quantity be represented graphically?
Ans: When a vector is represented graphically, its magnitude is represented by

the length of straight line and its direction is represented by the direction of the
arrow
head . Here is an example :
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Q2.11 Why vectors quantities can not be added and subtracted like scalar
quantities?
Ans ; In addition of vector quantities, not their magnitude but their direction also
involved therefore vector can not be added like the addition of scalar.
Q2.12: How are vectors quantities are important to us in our daily life?
Ans: in our daily life vectors quantities are completely explained only when their
direction are also considered Q2.13 Derive equation of motion for uniformly
accelerated rectilinear motion?
Three equations of motion are three equations of motion under the action of gravity
are
V f = V i + at
V f=V i+gt S = Vi t + at2 h=V i t+ gt2
2aS = Vf 2 – Vi 2 2gh = Vf 2 – Vi 2
Q2.14 : Sketch the velocity time graph for the motion of the body?
Motion Graphs
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For body moving at constant velocity:
The graph of straight line parallel to the X axis shows that the body is moving with
constant velocity
a)
b) Q 2.7 Distance time graph for a body start from rest
uniform velocity-- time graph
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Derivation of Equation of Motion (Graphically)

First Equation of Motion
Consider an object moving with a uniform velocity u in a straight line. Let it be, given
a uniform acceleration at time, t = 0 when its initial velocity is Vi. As a result of the
acceleration, its velocity increases to Vf (final velocity) in time t and s is the distance
covered by the object in time t. The figure shows the velocity-time graph of the
motion of the object.
Slope of the Vf - t graph gives the acceleration of the moving object.
Thus, acceleration = slope = AB = BC/AC
Where BD=Vf, CD=Vi, AC= OD=t BC=BD-CD
(Average,acceleration(aav)= ChangeinVelocity/time)
Slope=AB= Vf - Vi/ t
a = Vf - V i / t
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Vf – Vi = at

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Vf = Vi + at ........................................................(1)
Second Equation of Motion
Let Vi be the initial velocity of an object and 'a' the
acceleration produced in the body. The distance
travelled s in time t is given by the area enclosed by
the velocity-time graph for the time interval 0 to t.
Distance travelled S = area of the trapezium
ABDO
Total aera of OABD= area of rectangle ACDO +

area of Î”ABC
= OD x OA + (BC x AC)
Where, OA=VI, OD=t, BC=BD-CD, AC=t, BD=Vf, CD=Vi
= t x Vi + (Vf - Vi ) x t
= Vi t + (Vf - Vi ) x t
(vf = Vi + at I eqn of motion; vf - vi = at)

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S = Vi t + at x t
S = Vit + at2.
Third Equation of Motion

Let 'vi' be the initial velocity of an object and a be the acceleration produced in
the
body. The distance travelled‟s‟ in time‟t‟ is given by the area enclosed by the speed
(v) - t graph.
S= area of the trapezium OABD.
= (OA + BD) x AC where OA=Vi, BD= Vf, AC=OD=t
= (Vi + Vf)t ....(1)
But we know that a =( Vf - Vi )t
Or t = (Vf - Vi )a
Substituting the value of t in eq. (1) we get,
s = (Vi + Vf)( Vf − Vi)a = (Vf + Vi)( Vf − Vi)a
2as = (Vf + Vi) ( Vf - Vi ) 34

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(Vf + Vi)( Vf - Vi) = 2as [using the identity a2 - b2 = (a + b) (a - b)]
v2 - Vi 2 = 2as........... Third Equation of Motion
Acceleration Due To Gravity Or Free Falling Objects
“Galileo was the first scientist to observe that, neglecting the effect of air resistance, all
bodies in free-fall close to the Earth‟s surface accelerate vertically downwards with the
same acceleration: namely 9.8 m/s2″
Example
If a ball is thrown vertically upward, it rises to a particular height and then falls back to
the ground. However this is due to the attraction of the earth which pulls the object
towards the ground”
Characteristic Of Free Falling Bodies
1. When a body is thrown vertically upward, its velocity continuously decreases and
become zero at a particular height During this motion the value of acceleration is
negative and Vf is equal to zero 35

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(a = -9.8m/s2 , Vf = 0).
2.When a body falls back to the ground , its velocity continuously increases and
become maximum at a particular height During this motion the value of
acceleration is positive and Vi is equal to zero (a = 9.8m/s2 , Vi = 0).
3. Acceleration due to gravity is denoted by a and its value is 9.8m/s2 .
4. Equation of motion for the free-falling bodies be written as,
Vf = Vi + gt
h = Vi t + gt2
2gh = Vf 2 – Vi 2
CHAPTER: 2 KINEMATICS
P2.1) A train moves with a uniform Velocity of 36 for 10S. Find the distance
travelled by it. Solution:
(Velocity) V= 36
= 36x1000/60x60= 36000/3600= 10
(Time) t= 10
36
(Distance) S= ?
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Formula: S= Vavx t

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= (10) x (10)
S= 100 m ANS
P2.2) A train starts from nest. It moves through 1km in 100S with uniform
acceleration. What will be its speed at the end of 100S?
Solution:
(Distance) S= 1km =1000
m (Time) t= 100 S
(Velocity)Vi= 0 m/s
Vf=?
By using formula:
S= vit+
1000= 0(t)+ a
1000= a (10000)
2x1000/10000=a
A= 0.2 ANS
Now by using first equation of motion:
Vf= v ;+at
Vf= 0=(0.2)(100)
Vf= 20 ANS
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P2.3) A car has a Velocity of 10m/s. At accelerate at 0.2 m for half minute.
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Find the distance travelled during this time and the final Velocity of the car.

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Solution:
(Initial Velocity) Vi= 10m/s
(Acceleration) a= 0.2m/
(time) t= minutes= 30s

(final velocity) Vf= ?
S=?
By using 1st equation of motion:
Vf= Vi+at
Vf= (10)+(0.2)(30)
Vf= 10+6
Vf= 16m
By using 3rd equation of motion to find s:
2aS= V -V
2aS= V -V
2(0.2)= -
S=
0.4 S= 256-100
S= 390m ANS
P2.4) A tennis ball is hit vertically upward with a Velocity of 30m/s. it takes 3s to
reach the highest point. Calculate the maximum highest reached by the ball.
How long it will take to return to the ground?
38
Solution:
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78 46 394
(Initial Velocity) Vi= 30m/s
(Time) t 1 = 3s
(Height) S=?
Time required returning to the ground t 2 =?
g = -10m/
The value of g will be negative because the ball will be decelerating.
Now by using the 2nd equation of the motion:
S= vit+ (10)
= 90+(-5)(9)
= 90-45
Height S= 45m
ANS
P 2.6) A train starts from the nest with an acceleration of 0.5m . Find its
speed in when it has moved through 100m.

Solution:
Initial Velocity Vi= 0
Acceleration a= 0.5
Distance s= 100m
Final Velocity Vf=?
To find the final Velocity we have to find the time. By using 2nd equation of motion: S= 39
vit+1/2
Page
By putting the values:

100= (0)t+1/2(0.5)
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100= ½(0.5)
100= 0.25
= =400
= 400
Taking square root on both sides:
√ =√
T= 20s
Now for Vf, we have formula:
Vf= Vi+at
Vf= 0=(0.5)(20)
Vf= 10m
Now to convert 10m/s into km/h, we will multiply it with 3600 nad divide it by
1000.
So, Vf= 10 x
Vf= 36
ANS
P2.8) A cricket ball is hit vertically upward and returns to the ground 6s later.
Calculate:
(i) Maximum height reached by the ball
(ii) Initial Velocity of the ball
Solution:
Acceleration g = -10m/
40
Time t= 6s
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Time for upward= t 1 = 6/2= 3s
Height= s =?
Initial Velocity= Vi?
Final Velocity= Vf= 0
By using 1st equation
of motion:
Vf= vi+gt
O= vi+(-10)(3)
O= vi-30
30=vi
Vi=30m
By using 3rd
equation of
motion:
2aS= -
2x(-10) x s= 0
– (30)
-20s= -900
20s= 900
S= 900/20
S= 45m ANS
P2.9) When brakes are applied the speed of train decreases from the 96km/h to
41
48km/h. In 800m how much distance will it cover before coming to rest?
Page
(Assume the retardation is constant)

Solution: 0344
The situation can be divided into two parts. The parts 1 data is as follows:
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Initial Velocity Vi= 96 km/h
= 96x1000/3600= 26.66m/s
Final Velocity Vf= 48km/h
= 48x1000/3600= 13.33m/s
Distance s= 800m
Acceleration a=?
By using 3rd equation of motion:
2aS= V - V
2a(800)= -
1600s= -533.35
a= -533.35/1600
a= -0.33m/
vi= 48km/h= 13.33m/s
vf= 0 m/s
s=?
Again by using 3rd equation of motion:
2aS= v – v
2(-0.3)s= -
-0.6s= -177.688
S= -177.688/-0.6
S= 266.53m
42
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P2.10) In problem 2.9 find the time taken by the train to stop after the
application of brakes.
Solution:
Initial Velocity Vi= 96km/h= 26.667m/s
Final Velocity Vf= 0m/s
Acceleration a= -0.33m/
Time t=?
Formula Vf= vi+at
O= 26.677+(-0.33)t
-26.66= -033t
T= -26.667/-0.33
T= 80.80
Vf-vi=at
0-26.677/-
0.3344=t T=80s
ANS
P2.11) A car moves with uniform Velocity of 5s it comes to rest in the next 10s/
Find deceleration and total distance covered by the car?
Solution:
Initial Velocity Vi= 40m
Time t = 10s
43
Final Velocity Vf= 0
Page
Retardation a=?
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Total distance S=?
As we know that:
a=
a= 0-40/40
a= -4 m ANS
Distance travelled
in 1st five seconds.
= vxt
= 40x5
S1 =
200m
Average Velocity for next 10
seconds. Vav= 40+0/2= 20m
S2 =
Vav*t
=
20x10
=
200m
Total
distance
S= S1 + S2
=
Chapter # 3 Dynamics 44
2
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0
0
+ 0344
2
0
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=
1. FORCE
The Force is an agent which produces or tends to produce a motion in a body or it
stops or tends to stop the motion of a body. In simple words we can also say that
force is an agent which changes or tends to change the state of an object.
UNIT
The unit of a Force in M.K.S System is Newton
2. MASS
The quantity of matter contained in a body is called mass. It is a scalar quantity.
FORMULA
F = ma
m = F/a
UNIT
The
unit of
mass in
M.K.S
System
is
45
Kilogra
Page
m (kg).

3. WEIGHT
0344
The force with which earth attracts other bodies towards its centre is called weight. It
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is a vector quantity.
FORMULA W = mg
;
UNIT
The unit of weight in M.K.S System is Newton (N).
INERTIA
Definition
“Inertia is the tendency of a body to resist a change in its state.”
Examples
Cover a glass with a post card and place a coin on it. Now strike the post card
swiftly with the nail of your finger. If the stroke has been made correctly, the
postcard will be thrown away and the coin will drop in the glass.
If a moving bus stops suddenly, the passenger standing in it feels a jerk in the
forward direction. As a result he may fall. It is due to the fact that the lower part of the
standing passengers comes to rest as the bus stops. But the upper portion remains in
motion due to inertia.
Difference between Mass and Weight 46

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Mass
1. The quantity of matter present in a body is called mass.
2.The mass of a body remains constant everywhere and does not change by
change in altitude.
3. It is a scalar quantity.
4. Mass can be determined by a physical balance.
Weight
5.The force with which the earth attracts a body towards its centre is called the
weight of the body.
6. The weight of a body is not constant. It is changed by altitude.
7.Weight is always directed towards the center of the earth. So it is a vector
quantity.
8. Weight can be determined by only a spring balance.
MOMENTUM
“The quantity or quality of motion is called momentum and it is denoted by

P”
47
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MATHEMATICAL DEFINITION
“It is the product of mass and velocity.”
MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION
P = mV
where:
p is the momentum
m is the mass
v the velocity
LAW OF MOTIONS
Newton formulated three

laws of motion in his
book.
NEWTON FIRST LAW OF

MOTIONS
Newton‟s first law of

motion is also known as
the Law of Inertia.
STATEMENT 48
Page
“Every body continues its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line until it is

acted upon by an external or unbalance force to change its state of rest or uniform
motion”.
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EXPLANATION
This law consists of a two parts
(a) When body is at rest
(b)When body is moving with uniform velocity
(a). When a body is at rest
Newton‟s Law states that when a body is at rest, it continues its rest unless we
apply a force on it. When we apply a force, it changes its state of rest and starts
moving along a straight line.
(b) When body is moving with a uniform velocity
Newton‟s Law states that when a body is moving, it moves in a straight line with
uniform velocity, but when we apply an opposite force, it changes its state of
motion and come to rest.
Examples
If a bus suddenly starts moving, the passengers standing in the bus will fall in the
backward direction. It is due to the reason that the lower part of the passengers 49
which is in contract with the floor of the bus is carried forward by the motion of
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78 46 394
the bus, but the upper part of the body remains at rest due to inertia and so the
passengers fall in backward direction.
If a bus suddenly stops moving, the passengers standing in the bus will fall in the
forward direction. It is due to the reason that the lower part of the passengers
which is in contract with the floor of the bus is stopped with the bus, but the upper
part of the body remains moving due to inertia and so the passengers fall in
forward direction.
SECOND LAW OF MOTION
STATEMENT
“When a force acts on an object it produces an acceleration which is directly
proportion to the amount of the force and inversely proportional to the product of
mass”
EXPLANATION
When we push a body with greater force then its velocity increases and change of
velocity takes place in the direction of the force. If we apply a certain force F on a
mass m, then it moves with certain velocity in the direction of the force. If the force 50
becomes twice then its velocity will also increase two times. In this way if we go on
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increasing the fore there will be increase in velocity, which will increase the
acceleration.
DERIVATION
According to the Newton`s Second law of motion when a force acts on an object it
produces an acceleration which is directly proportion to the amount of the force.
a∝F
and inversely proportional to the product of mass
a∝
Combining both.
a∝
A = constant F/m
a= k
If the Value of constant K is 1

51
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so,
a=
or
F = ma
THIRD LAW OF MOTION
Statement:
“To every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction ”
EXPLANATION
According to Newton‟s Law of Motion, we have:
F(action) = – F(reaction)
The negative (-) sign indicates that the two forces are parallel but in the opposite
direction. If we consider one of the interacting objects as A and the other as B, then
according to the third law of motion:
F(AB) = – F(BA) 52
F(AB) represents the force exerted on A and F(BA) is the force exerted on
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B.

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Examples
We walk on the ground, we push the ground backward and as a reaction the
ground pushes us forward. Due to this reason we are able to move on the ground. If a
book is placed on the table, it exerts some force on the table, which is equal to the
weight of the book. The table as a reaction pushes the book upward. This is the reason
that the book is stationary on the table and it does not fall down.
FRICTION
Definition
The force, which resists the motion of
one surface on another surface, is known as
frictio
n.
Explanatio
n
53
Suppose a wooden block is placed on a table and a spring balance is attached
Page
on it. If we apply a very small force of magnitude F by pulling the spring gradually and
increase it, we observe that the block does not move until the applied force has
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reached a critical value. If F is less then critical value, the block does not move.
According to Newton‟s Third Law of motion an opposite force balance the force. This
opposing force is known as the force of friction or friction.
CausesofFriction
If we see the surface of material bodies through microscope, we observe that they are
not smooth. Even the most polished surfaces are uneven. When one surface is
placed over another, the elevations of one get interlocked with the depression of the
other. Thus they oppose relative motion. The opposition is known as friction.
Factors on which Friction Depends
The force of friction depends upon the following factors:
1. Normal Reaction (R)
Force of friction is directly proportional to normal reaction (R), which act upon the
body in upward direction against the weight of the body sliding on the surface. 54
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2. Nature of Surfaces
Force of friction also depends upon the nature of the two surfaces. It is denoted as u
and has constant values for every surface. It is different for the two surfaces in
contact.
Coefficient Of Friction
The coefficient of friction is a number which represents the friction between two
surfaces. Between two equal surfaces, the coefficient of friction
will be the same. The symbol usually used for the coefficient of
friction is Greek letter µ, where 0 ≤ µ ≤ 1 .
The maximum frictional force (when a body is sliding) is equal to the coefficient of
friction × the normal reaction force.
F= µR
Where µ is the coefficient of friction and R is the normal reaction force.
This frictional force, F, will act parallel to the surfaces in contact and in a direction to
oppose the motion that is taking/ trying to take place. 55

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Advantages of Friction
1.We could not walk without the friction between our shoes and the ground. As we
try to step forward, we push our foot backward. Friction holds our shoe to the
ground, allowing you to walk.
2.Writing with a pencil requires friction. We could not hold a pencil in our hand
without friction.
3. A nail stays in wood due to friction
4. Nut and bold hold due to friction
DISADVANTAGES OF FRICTION
5.In any type of vehicle–such as a car, boat or airplane–excess friction means that
extra fuel must be used to power the vehicle. In other words, fuel or energy is
wasted because of the friction.
6.The Law of Conservation of Energy states that the amount of energy remains
constant. Thus, the energy that is “lost” to friction in trying to move an object is
really turned to heat energy. The friction of parts rubbing together creates heat. 56
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3. Due to the friction a machine has less efficiency less than 100%.
4. Due to friction machine catch fire.
Laws of Friction
Statement
The value of limiting friction increases proportionally with the increase in normal
reaction. Hence, liming friction F(s) is directly proportional to the normal reaction.
F(s) < R (Here < represents the sign of proportionality don‟t‟ write it in the
examination paper.)
= > Fs = µ R ……….. (i)
u = F(s)/R
u is the constant of proportionality, which depends upon the nature of the surfaces of
the two surfaces in contact. It is known as the coefficient of friction. It is only a
number without any unit. We know that the normal reaction is directly proportional to
the weight of the block, therefore,
R = W = mg 57
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Substituting the value of R in equation (i)
= > Fs = µ mg
Rolling Friction
When a body rolls over a surface, the force of friction is called rolling friction. Rolling
friction is much less than the sliding friction. This is because the surfaces in contact
are very much less.
LONG QUESTIONS
Question: Explain the Law of Conservation of Momentum?
This law states that
“When two or more bodies collide with one another the total momentum of the
system remains the same, provided no external force acts upon them.”
Explanation: -
The law of conservation of momentum is a fundamental law of nature,
and it states
that the total momentum of an isolated system of objects (which has no interactions
with external agents) is constant. One of the consequences of this is that the of any
centre of mass system of objects will always continue with the same velocity unless
58
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acted on by a force outside the system.

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Consider two balls of masses m1 and m2. They are initially moving with velocities
u1and u2 in same direction on a straight line. If u1 > u2, then the balls will collide. Let
their velocities becomes v1 and v2 after collision.
Total momentum of balls before collision = m1u1 +
m2u2 Total momentum of balls after collision = m1v1 +
m2v2 According to Law of conservation of momentum
Total Momentum before collision = Total Momentum after collision
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
Rockets and jet engines also work on the same principle. In these machines, hot
gases produced by burning of fuel rush out with large momentum. The machines gain
an equal and opposite momentum. This enables them to move with very high
velocities.
Question: Define friction and describe the types of friction?
Question: What is force of friction? How friction can be reduced?

Friction: - 59
The force, which resists the motion of one surface on another surface, is known as
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friction.
Methods to reduce friction: -

i) Sliding parts should be highly polished to reduce friction.
ii)Friction of liquids is less than solids. Therefore oil or grease is applied between the
parts of machinery.
iii)Rolling friction is less then sliding friction. Therefore sliding friction should be
converted to rolling friction by using ball bearings.
iv)Front side of vehicles, aeroplanes and ships are shaped wedge like and pointed so
that minimum friction is offered by air.
Centripetal Force
Definition
“The force that causes an object to move along a curve (or a curved path) is called
centripetal force.”
Mathematical Expression
We know that the magnitude of centripetal acceleration of a body in a uniform
circular motions is directly proportional to the square of velocity and inversely
proportional to the radius of the path Therefore,

60
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a(c) ∝v2
a(c) ∝ 1/r
Combining both the equations:
a(c) ∝ v2/r
From Newton‟s Second Law of Motion:
F = ma
=> F(c) = mv2/r
Where,
Fc = Centripetal Force m = Mass of object
v = Velocity of object r = Radius of the curved path
Banking of the roads Factors on which Fc Depends:
Fc depends upon the following factors:
Increase in the mass will increases Fc. It
increases with the square of velocity. 61

It decreases with the increase in radius
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of the curved path.

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When a car takes
Examples
The centripetal force required by natural planets to move constantly round a circle is
provided by the gravitational force of the sun.
If a stone tied to a string is whirled in a circle, the required centripetal force is
supplied to it by our hand. As a reaction the stone exerts an equal force which
is
felt by our hand.
The pilot while turning his aero plane tilts one wing in the upward direction so that
the air pressure may provide the required suitable Fc.
Centrifugal Force
Definition
“A force supposed to act outward on a body moving in a curve is known as
centrifugal force.”
Explanation 62
Centrifugal force is actually a reaction to the centripetal force. It is a well-known
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fact that Fc is directed towards the centre of the circle, so the centrifugal force,
which is a force of reaction, is directed away from the centre of the circle or the
curved path.
According to Newton’s third law of motion action and reaction do not act on
the same body, so the centrifugal force does not act on the body moving
round a circle, but it acts on the body that provides Fc.
Examples
If a stone is tied to one end of a string and it is moved round a circle, then the
force exerted on the string on outward direction is called centrifugal force.
The aeroplane moving in a circle exerts force in a direction opposite to the pressure of
air.
When a train rounds a curve, the centrifugal force is also exerted on the track.
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Vertical motion of two bodies attached to the ends of a string that passes over
a frictionless
pulley
Consider two bodies A and B of masses m1 and m2 respectively, let m1 is greater
than m2. the bodies are attached to the opposite ends of an inextensible string. The
string passes over a frictionless pulley. the body A being heavier must be
moving
downward with some acceleration. Let this acceleration be a. At the same time, the
body B attached to the other end of the string moves up with the
same
acceleration a. As the pulley is frictionless, hence tension will be the same
throughout the string. Let the tension in the string be T.
Since the body A moves downwards, hence its weight m1g is greater than the
tension T in the string.

64
Page
Net force acting on body A=m1g-T

According to the Newton‟s law of motion: 0344
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m1g-T = m1a ..... ...... 1)
As body B moves upwards, hence its weight m2g is less than the tension T in the
string.
Net force acting on body B = T – m2g
According to Newton law
T- m2g = m2a ...... .....

2)
Adding Eq.1and Eq 2 , we get acceleration a.
a= ( )g
T= ..... .....
Divide Eq. 2 by g
Eq.1, to find tension T in the
3)
string.
The above arrangement is also known as Atwood machine. It can be used to find
the acceleration g due to gravity using , g= a
OR
65
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Motion of two bodies attached to the ends of a string that passes over a
frictionless pulley such that one body moves vertically and the other moves on A
smooth horizontal surface 66

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Consider two bodies A and B masses m1 and m2 respectively attached to the ends
of an inextensible string as shown in the figure above.Let the body A moves
downwards with an acceleration a. Since the string is inextensible, therefore, body B
also moves over the horizontal surface with the same acceleration a. As the pulley is
frictionless hence tension T will be the same throughout the string.
Since body A moves downwards, therefore, its weight m1g is greater than the tension
in T in the string.
Net force acting on the body A = m1g – T
According to the Newton‟s second law of motion:
m1g – T = m1a ... ... ... (1)
The forces acting on the body are:
I. Weight m2g of the body B acting

67
downwards.
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II. Reaction R of the horizontal surface acting on the body B in the upward
direction.
III Tension in the string pulling the body B horizontally on the smooth
.
surface.
As body B has no vertical motion, hence resultant of vertical forces (m2g and R) must
be zero.
Thus the net force acting on the body B is T.
According to the Newton‟s second law of motion:
T = m2a ... ... ... (2)
Adding eqs. 1 and 2, we get acceleration a as:
g –T + T =m1 a+ m2a
1
1g = a(m1+m2)
a= g ... (3)
Putting the value of a in equations 2 to get tension T as:
T= g ... ... ... (4) 68

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FORCE AND THE MOMENTUM:
Consider a body of mass m moving with initial velocity Vi. Let a force F acts on the
body which produces an acceleration a in it. This changes the velocity of the body.
Let its final velocity after time t becomes Vf. if Pi and Pf be the initial momentum and
the final momentum related to the body related to the initial and the final velocity
respectively then:
Pi = mvi and Pf = mvf
Changes in momentum = Final momentum – initial momentum
Or Pf – Pi = mvf - mvi
Thus the rate of change in momentum given by:
=
= m
Since is the rate of change of velocity equal to the acceleration a produced

by the force F.
= ma
According to Newton‟s second law of motion:
F = ma
Or = F
Equation also defines the force and states Newton‟s second aw of motion
69
as:
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“When a force acts on a body, it produces acceleration in the body and will be
equal to the rate of change of momentum of the body.”
SI unit of momentum defined by equation is Newton-second (Ns) which is the same
as kmgs-1.
4. What is the law of Inertia?

Ans:
(Inertia is the resistance of any physical object to a change in its state of
motion or rest, or the tendency of an object to resist any change in its motion
including a change in direction).
5. Why is it dangerous the roof of a bus to travel on?
Ans : The friction or drag force due to air acting on the upper part of the body of a
person standing on the roof of running bus tries to turn over which is dangerous
while the lower part of body remains at rest w.r.t roof of the bus
6. Why does a passenger move outward when a bus takes turn?
Ans: When does bus take a turn the passenger sitting inside experienced centrifugal
force and moves out wards
7. How can you relate a force with the change of momentum of a body?
Ans : By using 2nd of motion we can write F = ma here by

a= putting this value we can get
F= m
70
F= but F =
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Force = time rate of change of momentum
8.What will be the tension in the rope that is pulled from the end by two
opposite forces 100N each?
Ans: When two forces of 100 N each applied on a string then resultant tension is
equal to 100.
9.Action and reaction are always equal and opposite. Then how does a body
move?
Ans: Action and reaction force equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.
These
do not act upon the same body. Action force is applied on one body, which give
reactional force acting on other body. Both of these do not neutralized this is the
result of motion.
10.A horse pulls the cart. If the action and reaction are equal and opposite
then the how does the cart move?
Ans: The horse applies action force by feet on the road the reaction is given by
road on horse due to which the cart tied to the horse also move.
11. What is the law of conservation of momentum?
Ans : “When two or more bodies collide with one another the total momentum
of
the
system remains the same, provided no external force acts upon them.”
71
Page
According to Law of conservation of momentum

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Total Momentum before collision = Total
Momentum after collision m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
12. Why is the law of conservation of momentum important?

Ans : by using law of conservation of momentum it is possible to calculate, force ,
velocity, acceleration of a body. Most of elementary particles were discovered by this
law.
13. When a gun is fired, it recoils. Why?
Ans : according law of conservation of momentum the momentum gained by fired
bullet is neutralized by equal and opposite momentum given to the gun recoils
back.
14. Describe two situations in which force of friction is needed.
Ans: The friction between walking person and surface of earth is necessary for
walking.
To stop a moving vehicle force of friction between tyre and road is required if this is
reduced by putting oil on the road then it would be impossible to stop a vehicles.
15.How does oiling the moving parts of a machine lower the friction? Ans : by
oiling the various parts of a matching of friction is reduced which increase its
efficiency
16. Describe ways to reduce friction.
Ans: Methods to reduce friction: -
72
i) Sliding parts should be highly polished to reduce friction.
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78 46 394
ii) Friction of liquids is less than solids. Therefore oil or grease is applied between
the parts of machinery.
iii)Rolling friction is less then sliding friction. Therefore sliding friction should be
converted to rolling friction by using ball bearings.
iv)Front side of vehicles, aeroplanes and ships are shaped wedge like and pointed so
that minimum friction is offered by air.
17. Why rolling friction is lower than sliding friction?

Ans: the interlocking between ups and down of two surface need not be ruptured in
case of rolling while in case of sliding these are to be ruptured and result to increase
in friction .
18. What do you know about the following?
(i) Tension in a string
Ans: Tension in string is to neutralize applied force on the string this prevents it
from moving.
(iii) Limiting force of friction
Ans: The force of friction on the body at rest lying in a rough surface is called force of
static friction its value increases with the increase of applied force .The maximum
possible value of static friction if applied force made grater then it body starts moving 73
is called limiting force of static friction
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(iv) Braking force
Ans: the bracking force is the force between brake pushing and wheel of vehicle. It is
help to stop the wheels.
(v) Skidding of vehicles
Ans: when a force of friction between tyre and road is small then applying brakes
tyre slide over the road .it is called skidding of vehicles
(vi) Seatbelts
Ans: The seat belts provide opposition against falling ahead when vehicle is
stopped suddenly
(vii) Banking of roads
Ans: the outer edge of road is made higher to provide reactional force on tyre
which prevents it from slopping. It is called banking of road.
(viii) Cream separator
Ans: in a cream separator milk is rotated and lighter particles of cream come at the
axis of rotation and are separated from milk and collected through the pipe.
19. What would happen if all friction suddenly disappears?
Ans: when the frictional force suddenly disappears the motion of the object would
never be stopped.
20.Why the spinner of a washing machine is made to spin at a high speed?
Ans: at very high spinning speed the water and dirt particles are separate from
cloths to clean them inside washing machine.
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Chapter No 3
Dynamics
P 3.1) A force of 20 N moves a body with an acceleration of 20ms-2 what is its
mass?
Solution:
Force F= 20 N Acceleration a= 20ms-2 Mass m=?
Formula F= ma
m=
20/2 = 10 kg Ans
P 3.2) Weight is 147 N what is its mass?
Solution:
Weight w=147 N
Acceleration g = 10ms-2 75
Mass m=?
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Formula W = mg m=
147/10 = 14.7 kg Ans
P3.3) How much force is needed to prevent a body of mass 10kg from
falling?
Solution:
Mass m=10kg
Force F=a
The force needed to prevent the body from falling is equal to the weight of the
body
F= W
W=mg
F=mg
F= 10
x 10= 76
100 N
Ans
Page
P3.4) Find the acceleration produce by a force of 100 N in a mass of 50 kg?

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Solution:
Acceleration a =?
Force F = 100 N
Mass m = 50kg
Formula:
F= ma a=
a=100/50 = 2ms-2
P3.5) A body has weight 20N how much force is required to move it vertically
upward with an acceleration of 20ms-2?
Solution:
Weight W = 20N
Acceleration a = 20ms-2
Force F=?
To find out force we have to first calculate the Mass of the body
To find out the mass to use W= mg m = w/g m= 20/10 m = 2kg 77

Page
So he net force will take the body upward will be

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Net force F = W
F= ma
W = mg
The g will be negative because body is moving upward so
W = -mg
Net force F = F-W
ma – m(-g )
ma + mg
m(a +g)
2 (2+10)
Force F=
24N Ans
P3.6) Two masses 52kg and 48kg are attached to the end of the string that
passes over a frictionless pulley. Find the tension in the string and acceleration
in the body? When the masses are moving vertically.

78
Page
Solution:

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m1 = 52kg
m2 = 58kg
T =?
a =?
First we
find
tension in
the string
Formula:
T= g
T = 2(52) (48) (10)/ 52+48
T = 499.2N
T = 500N approximately
Ans
Now we will find the

acceleration
Formula: 79
Page
a = ( )g

a = (52-48) (10)/ 52+48
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a= 4x10/100
a= 40/100
a= 0.4ms-2 Ans
P3.7) Two masses 26kg and 24kg are attached to the end of a string which
passes over a frictionless pulley. 26kg is lying over a smooth horigalal table
.24kg mass is moving vertically downward. Find the tension in string and
acceleration in bodies.
Solution:
m1 = 24kg m2 = 26kg T =? a =?
Formula:
T= g
T = (24) (26) (10)/24+26
T = 124.8N
T = 125N
Formula: a = ( )g
= 24x10 / 24+ 26
80
Page
a = 408ms-2 Ans

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P3.8) How much time is required to change 22 Ns momentum by a force of 20
N?
Solution:
(Initial momentum) Pi = 22Ns
Pf = 0Ns F = 20N t =?
Formula:
= F
F=
= 0-22/ 20
t = -1.1s
As time cannot be negative to
t = 1.1s ANS
81
Page

78 46 394
P3.9) How much is the force of friction between a wooden block of mass 5
kg
and the horizontal marble floor? The coefficient of friction between the wood
and marble is 0.6
Solution:
Fr =? m= 5 kg u= 0.6 Formula Fr = UF
F = mg
5 x 10 = 50 N
Fr = U F
Fr = 0.6
x 50 =
30 N
ANS
Chapter: 4
Turning effect of force
Q.2 Define followings:
(i Resultant vector
The vector whose effect is same as combined effect of a number of vector, is called resultant
vector.
(ii) Torque: 82
The torque is equal to “Turning effect of force.“
Page
(iii) Centre of mass:

78 46 394
The point at which whole of mass would be connected then motion of this point describes motion
of the body, is called centre of mass.
(iv) Centre of gravity:
The point at which whole of the weight of the body appears to be active is called centre of
gravity.
. Q 3 Differentiate the followings:
(i) Like and unlike force:
Like force act along same direction whereas the unlike force act in opposite direction.
(ii) Torque and Couple:
Torque is turning effect of single force whereas couple is turning effect of two equal and unlike
forces, having different lines of their action.
(iii) Stable and neutral equilibrium:
A body stable when line of action of its weight passes within base and neutral equilibrium is state
when line of action of weight does not pass through base.
Q.4 How Head to Tail rule helps to find the resultant of force?
To explain the Head to Tail rule of addition of vector helps in following steps:
Step.1
We select a suitable scale for the graphical representation of vector.
Step.2
We draw all the given vectors, one by one, so that tail of next lies on head of final drawn vector.
Step.3
We join the tail of first drawn vector with head of the last drawn vector. The length of line joining
gives the magnitude of the resultant according to same suitable selected scale.
83
Step.4
Page

78 46 394
The direction of resultant vector is given by measuring angle made by the line joining with a
reference axis (+ve x-axis).
5. How can a force be resolved into its rectangular component?
Resolution of a vector, when a vector is drawn graphically. Then it may be split up into two parts,
which are at 90 degree to each other. Then each one of these two parts of same vector are called the
“rectangular components”.
Let us consider a force, F, which is represented by straight line OA, in the figure.
The line of representation of force F makes an angle of with direction of +ve x-axis.
From the head of F, a perpendicular is drawn on x-axis. This is denoted by line AB. It is used to
represent y-component of vector, F, because its direction is parallel to y-axis. The line OB is used to
represent the other component of, F, called x-component.
Figure shows that we can write:
OA = OB + BA
Here!
OB = x-component of F = Fx
BA = y-component of F =Fy
6. When a body is said to
be equilibrium?
Ans: A body is said to be
equilibrium when it does not
has linear and angular
acceleration.
7. Explain the first
condition for
equilibrium.
84
Ans: According to the first condition of equilibrium, the resultant force (or sum of all force) must be
Page
zero.

8.Why there is a need of second condition for equilibrium of a body satisfies first condition for
equilibrium?
78 46 394
Ans: Two equal and opposite force having their different lines of action from couple, which produce
angular acceleration. Although first condition of equilibrium is being satisfied. A body/system is
definitely in equilibrium when first, as well as, second condition (both) are being met.
9. What is second condition for equilibrium?
Ans: According to second condition of equilibrium the total/resultant torque acting on a system
must be equal to zero.
10. Give an example of a moving body which is in equilibrium?
Ans: A parachuter moving down with uniform velocity is said to be in dynamic equilibrium.
11. Think of a body which is at rest but not in equilibrium.
Ans: A ball thrown upward becomes at rest at the top. At this state it is not in equilibrium although it is
at rest.
12. Why a body cannot be in equilibrium due to single force acting on it?
Ans: A single force acting on a body is not balanced abd produces acceleration therefore, in the
presence of a single force body cannot bbe in equilibrium.
13. Why the height of vehicles is kept as low as possible?
Ans: The height of a vehicle is kept lowest possible so that its centre gravity remain close to its base to
get more gravity.
14.Explain what is meant by stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium? Give examples in each
case.
Ans: A body is in equilibrium when its state does not change with time and a body is unstable when
resultant force on it is zero. A body is in neutral equilibrium when its centre of gravity remains at same
height from the surface of the earth, while it moves. Example is of sphere rolling on horizontal surface.
85
Q.1 Encircle the correct answer from the given choices:
Page

78 46 394
i) B ii) D iii) B iv) D
v) C vi) B vii) C (viii) C
Chapter #4
Turning effects of forces
P4.1) Find the resultant of the following forces:
i) 10N along x-axis
ii) 6N along y-axis
iii) 4N along negative x-axis
Let us first represent the above given forces vectors on a graph.
To find the resultant of these vectors, we have to sum up these vectors. For finding resultant we use
head to tail rule.
As the two vectors along x-axisare in opposite direction so the resultant vector of these two vectors will
be:
Fx = F1 + F3
= 10N + (-4N)
86
= 6N
Page

78 46 394
Fy = 6N
Magnitude of resultant = √
= √
= √
= √
= 8.5N
Direction angle = tan-1 ( )
= tan-1 ( )
= tan-1 (1)
= 45
4.2) Find the perpendicular components of a force of 50N making an angle of 30 with x-axis.
Solution:
By perpendicular components we mean the x and y components of a vector. Fx
=?
Fy = ?
Formula: Fx = F cos
= 50 cos 30
= 50 (0.866)
Fx = 43.3N
Formula: Fy =
F sin
= 50
sin 30 87
= 50 (0.5)
Page
Fx = 25N

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4.3) Find the megnitude and direction of force of its =-component in 12N and y-component is
N.
Solution:
Fx = 12N
Fy = 5N
F= ?
=?
Formula:
F= √
Formula: = tan-1 ( )
= tan-1 ( )
= tan-1 (0.417)
= 22.6
4.4) A force of 100N is applied perpendicularly an a spanner at a distance of 10cn from a nut. Find
the torque produced by the force:
Solution: =
F = 100N
√
r = 10cm = = 0.1m 88
= 90 ( because it is perpendicular)
Page
= r F sin

78 46 394
= (0.1) (100) (sin 90 )
= 10 (1)
= 10Nm
P 4.5) A force is acting on a body making an angle of 30 with the horizontal. The horizontal component
of the force is 20N. Find the force:
Solution:
Fx = 20N
= 30
F= ?
Formul
a: F =
Fx cos
=
20
(c
os
0
)
r=16cm = m = 0.16m
couple = 2F = =2(50N) = ?
formula2 = rF
0
(0.16)(2(50))
(
= 16Nm
0
.
8
6 89
6 frame is hanging by two vertical strings. The tension in the strings are 3.8N
P 4.7) A picture
)
Page
and 4.4N. Find the weight of the picture frame.

F=
23.1N
P 4.6) Steering of car having radious 16 cm. Find the torque produced by a couple of 50N.
0344
78 46 394
Solution:
Solution:
Total tension in the strings is equal to the weight of picture frame
So
W = T1 + T 2
= 3.8 + 4.4
W = 8.2N
P 4.8) Two blocks of masses 5Kg and 3Kg are suspended by the two strings as shown. Find the
tension
in each string.
Solution:
Th
e
ten
sion
in
the
stri
ngs
will
be
equ
al
to
the
res 90
pec
tive
Page
wei
ght
s of
the
0344
bloc
78 46 394 ks.
Tension in
string B =
weight of
P 4.9) A nut has been tightened by a force of 200N using 10cm long spanner. What length of
a
spanner is required to loosen the some nut with 150N force?
Solution:
F1 = 200N
r1 = 10cm = m = 0.1m
F2 = 150N
r 2= ?
As = rF
So
r1F1 = r2F2
r2 =
= 0.133m = 0.133 *
100cm
r2 = 13.3cm
P 4.10)A block of mass 10Kg is suspended at a distance of 20cm from the center of a
uniform bar 1m
long. What force is required to balance it at its center of gravity by applying the
force at the
other end
of the bar?
91
Solution:
r1 = 20cm = 0.2m
Page
r2 = 50cm = 0.5m
m =10Kg
1 0344
78 46 394
F1 = m1g = (10)(10) = 100N
F2 = ?
r1F1 =r2F2
F2 =
=
F2 = 40N
92
Page

78 46 394

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2013

NOTES OF PHYSICS 9TH CLASS

Asif Rasheed BS (HONS) Physics # 0344

(1) Define Physics?

(2) Write names of the branches of Physics?

Why do we study physics?

(3) Define Plasma?

(4) Name the branches of physics overlapping the other branches of

Asif Rasheed BS (HONS) Physics # 0344

Ans: Galileo studied the freely falling bodies

It is the study of motion of objects, the causes and effect.

Electricity and magnetism:

It is the study of the structure and properties of atom.

Asif Rasheed BS (HONS) Physics # 0344

It is the study of the internal structure of the earth.

System international units:

A world-wide system of measurements is known as system international units

A screw gauge is used to measure small lengths such as diameter of a wire,

The least count of micrometer screw gauge is 0.01 mm.

Asif Rasheed BS (HONS) Physics # 0344

Physical balance is a modified type of a beam balance used to measure small

Why a standard unit is need to measure a quantity correctly.

Asif Rasheed BS (HONS) Physics # 0344

Q : How they are

Unit of Density: Mass

Asif Rasheed BS (HONS) Physics # 0344

Q: What is the use of vernier calipers? Q1.7

Asif Rasheed BS (HONS) Physics # 0344

RULES TO FIND THE SIGNIFICANT FIGURE IN A MEASUREMENT:

(i) Digits other than zero are always

significant. 27 have 2 significant digits.

275 have 3 significant digits.

(ii) Zeroes between significant digits are also significant.

2705 have 4 significant digits.

Asif Rasheed BS (HONS) Physics # 0344

Here zero is place holders only.

0.03 has 1 significant digit.

0.027 has 2 significant digits.

BOOK EXERCISE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.

Estimate your age in seconds?

Asif Rasheed BS (HONS) Physics # 0344

Q1.6: What role SI units have played in the

Q1.12: What is meant by significant figures of a measurement?

Asif Rasheed BS (HONS) Physics # 0344

P1.1) Express the following quantities using prefixes.

Asif Rasheed BS (HONS) Physics # 0344

Asif Rasheed BS (HONS) Physics # 0344

Asif Rasheed BS (HONS) Physics # 0344

Asif Rasheed BS (HONS) Physics # 0344

Least count= pitch of screw gauge/no. of divisions in circular

Asif Rasheed BS (HONS) Physics #

P1.8) Which of the following quantities have three significant figures?

Define Mechanics and its types.

Mechanics. It has two types:

Define Types of Mechanics.

Asif Rasheed BS (HONS) Physics # 0344

It is study of motion of bodies with reference of force and mass.

Q2.3 (i) difference between rest and motion?

said to be in the state of rest.

to be in the state of motion.

Name the types of motion

Asif Rasheed BS (HONS) Physics # 0344