Basic electrical and electronic

devices
 Electric Bulb
1. Outline of Glass bulb
2. Low pressure inert gas (argon, nitrogen, krypton, xenon)
3. Tungsten filament
4. Contact wire (goes out of stem)
5. Contact wire (goes into stem)
6. Support wires (one end embedded in stem; conduct no current)
7. Stem (glass mount)
8. Contact wire (goes out of stem)
9. Cap (sleeve)
10. Insulation (vitrite)
11. Electrical contact
 Properties

 Filled with inert gasses like argon

 Filament made of tungsten
 Conversion electric energy to light by collision and
transition.
 High heating (2,200 C) allow filament to emit photons
in visible range
 Length of filament ~ 2 meters
 Tube light

 Consists of a long glass gas discharge tube. Its inner surface is coated
with phosphorous and is filled with an inert gas, generally argon, with a
trace of mercury.
 Mercury vapour gets exited by bombardment of electrons emitted by
filament. The excited mercury atoms produce short-wave ultraviolet
light that then causes a phosphor to fluoresce, producing visible light.
 Once the conduction of electrons between the electrodes is complete, no
more heating of the filaments is required and whole system works at a
much lower current.
Most of the electronics depends on
‘semiconductors’
 Categorization on the basis of
conductivity
1. Conductors

2. Semiconductors

3. Insulators
 Conductors

Most of the conductors used in electronics are metals

like copper, aluminium and steel. Conductors obey
Ohm's law and they have very low resistance.
Therefore they can carry electric currents from place to
place without dissipating lot of power.
 Insulators

Glass, most polymers (plastics), rubber and wood are

all examples of insulators. These are materials which
will refuse to carry an electric current. Just as there is
no perfect conductor, neither is there a perfect
insulator.
 Semiconductors

Some materials are neither good conductors nor good

insulators, since their electrical characteristics fall
between those of conductors and insulators. These in-
between materials are classified as
SEMICONDUCTORS. Germanium and silicon are
two common semiconductors used in solid-state
devices.
 Type of semiconductor
• p-type semiconductors: Excess of positive charge
carriers called ‘holes’

• n-type semiconductors: Excess of negative charge

carriers called ‘electron’
Working Principle of Light Emitting
Diodes (LED)
LED
When a light-emitting diode is forward biased (switched on),
electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device,
releasing energy in the form of photons.
Excitation
E

Electron (excited by the biased

forward voltage) is in the conduction
band

Normally the recombination takes place between

Hole is in valance band
transition of electrons between the bottom of the
conduction band and the top of the valance band
(band exterma).
The emission of light is therefore;
hc/ = Ec-Ev = Eg(only direct band gap allows
radiative transition)
Electric Heater (electrical energy – Heat)
Electric heating is any process in
which electrical energy is converted
to heat. Common applications include
heating of buildings, cooking, and
industrial processes.

The heating element inside every

electric heater is simply an electrical
resistor, and works on the principle
of
Joule heating: an electric current
flowing through a resistor converts
electrical energy into heat energy.

Joule’s Law:
Optics
Reflection
Refraction
 What is the reason for
• Formation of Miraje
• Shine in the diamonds
• Rainbow formation
• Transfer of signals in optical fibers
• Many more………..
 Answer:

Total Internal Reflection

Conditions for Total Internal Reflection

• The light is in the more dense medium and approaching

the less dense medium.

• The angle of incidence is greater than the so-called critical

angle.
Total Internal Reflection
 contd...

Total internal reflection is an optical phenomenon that

occurs when a ray of light strikes a medium boundary
at an angle larger than a particular critical angle with
respect to the normal to the surface. If the refractive
index is lower on the other side of the boundary, no
light can pass through and all of the light is reflected.
The critical angle is the angle of incidence above
which the total internal reflection occurs.
Dispersion of light from a Prism
Rainbow formation
Total internal reflection
 contd...

The critical angle for this water-air interface is 48.75 degrees.

When the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle,
no refraction occurs. Instead, the incident beam is reflected,
obeying the Law of Reflection. This is called Total internal
reflection.
In the formation of a rainbow, Total Internal Reflection occurs
at the rear of the raindrop - the water-to-air interface.
Therefore, in order for a rainbow to be visible, the angle of
incidence at that interface must be greater than the critical
angle.
 (L)ight (A)mplification by
(S)timulated (E)mission of (R)adiation
 Properties of Laser Light
Laser light is:

• Approximately monochromatic
(single color wavelength)

•Coherent
(wavelengths in phase)

•Collimated
(non-divergent)
Coherence
 Collimated Light

Non-collimated Light Collimated Light

A three-level laser pumping system
Schematic diagram of a basic laser
Telescope
Contd…