Thermodynamics

Thermo:Heat, Dynamics: Power, Motion

 Temperature
Temperature is a measure
of the amount of heat
energy possessed by an
object.

Galileo developed the

first instrument to
measure temperature; it
was refined and calibrated
by later scientists.
 First Thermometer:
Galileo's Thermoscope
 Galilio's Thermoscope

The thermoscope consists of an egg-sized glass with a

long neck. The jar is heated with the hands and
partially immersed, upside down, in a container filled
with water. When the hands are removed, the water
rises in the neck. The experiment demonstrated the
changes in air density caused by temperature
variations.
Conversion of Scales
 Different types of Thermometers
• Glass thermometer:
Glass thermometer is used to implement the principle of expansion and contraction of
temperature measurement.

• Gas thermometer:
It uses hydrogen or helium for the temperature materials, because the liquefaction
temperature of hydrogen and helium is very low, close to absolute zero, so it's a very
wide temperature range.

• Resistance thermometer:
They are based on changes in resistance with temperature. Resistance thermometers are
easy to use and reliable, has been widely used. Its measurement range is -260 ℃ to 600
℃ or so.

• Pressure thermometer:
It works on the principle of change in pressure due to heat.
Heat transfer mechanisms
 Heat transfer methods

 Conduction

 Convection

 Radiation
 Conduction
“The transfer of energy through matter from
particle to particle”

It is the transfer and distribution of heat energy from

atom to atom within a substance. For example, a spoon
in a cup of hot soup becomes warmer because the heat
from the soup is conducted along the spoon
 Importance of Conduction

 Building a house
 Building materials for various vehicles
 Building kitchenware
 Many more...................
 Convection

“The transfer of heat by the actual movement of the

warmed matter”

Heat leaves the coffee cup as the currents of steam and

air rise. Convection is the transfer of heat energy in a
gas or liquid by movement of currents.
 Importance of Convection

 Boiling of water
 Cooling in AC, Refrigerators......
 Atmospheric Mixing
 Ocean Mixing
 Formation of clouds
 Many more ........
 Radiation

“Electromagnetic waves that directly transport

energy through space”

Sunlight is a form of radiation that is radiated through

space to our planet without the aid of fluids or solids.
 Importance of Radiation
 Heat from the Sun
 Energy balance on Earth
 Heating room by room heater
 Microwave oven
 Many more ........
Laws of Thermodynamics
 Zeroth law of Thermodynamics
(Law of Thermal Equilibrium)

If two thermodynamic systems are each in thermal

equilibrium with a third, then they are in thermal
equilibrium with each other.
Contd.

Ta=Tc and Tb=Tc

Then Ta=Tb
 First law of thermodynamics
(Law of Conservation of Energy)

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.

Energy Given = Work done + Change in internal energy

 Second Law of Thermodynamics

“Heat cannot be transfer from a colder to a hotter

body”
 Third Law of Thermodynamics

If all the thermal motion of molecules (kinetic

energy) could be removed, a state called absolute
zero would occur. Absolute zero results in a
temperature of 0 Kelvins or -273.15° Celsius.
 Heat capacity

Amount of heat required to change the

temperature of the whole system by one degree.
 Specific Heat

Heat capacity per unit mass is called sepecific heat

Problem 1: How much energy will be required to to heat 1kg
water from 0oC to 100oC?
 Solution

Q=mc∆T
Q=1 × 4186 × (100-0)
=418600 J
=418.6 kJ
 Applications of Specific heat in daily
life
• Substances having a small specific heat capacity, are very useful as
material in cooking instruments such as frying pans, pots, kettles and
so on, because, they can be quickly heated up even when small amount
of heat is supplied.
• Sensitive thermometers also must be made from materials with small
specific heat capacity so that it can detect  and show a change of
temperature rapidly and accurately.
• Substances that have a high specific heat capacity is suitable as a
material for constructing kettle handlers, insulators and oven covers,
because, a high amount of heat will cause only a small change in
temperature hence the material won't get hot too fast.
 Continued…
• Heat storage instruments are very useful and they are usually
made of substances with a high specific heat capacity.
• Water as a cooling agent acts excellent as a cooling agent in
engines. Water is also used in houses in cold climate
countries because as it is heated up (boiled) it tends to retain
heat and warm the house due to its high specific heat
capacity.
• Monsoon
• Temperature variations on mountains
 Latent Heat
“Heat required for the phase change”
 Effect of Pressure on Melting and
Boiling point

 Principle of Pressure cooker

 Boiling of water on Mountains
Pressure cookers
Boiling of water on Mountains
Working Principle of Air Conditioners
Moving heat from inside to outside
Heat Transfer at the Inside Coil
Evaporator Coil-Collecting hot air
inside the House
Freon Gas Goes Outside
Compressors: Heating up Freon Gas
Condenser Coil: Exhausting Hot Air to
the Outside
Hot Liquid Back to House
Cooling Hot Liquid Freon
Schematic Diagram of AC