SYMMETRICAL COMPONENETS

OF POWER SYSTEM

BY TANDIN JAMTSHO
MScE STUDENT
STUDENT # 3226091

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 OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATION

 INTRODUCTION
 NEED FOR THE SYMMETRICAL COMPONENET
METHOD
 TECHINQUES USED TO ANALYSIS
SYMMETRICAL
 SYMMETRICAL METHODS USED TO STUDY
POWER SYSTEM FAULTS
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES
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 INTRODUCTION

 The normal operating conditions of an electric power

system are occasionally disrupted because of faults.

 Analysis of power systems usually implies the

computation of network voltages and currents under a
given set of conditions.
 Under many circumstances we tend to ignore the
unbalanced operation in the system and unbalanced
operation is always present.


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 An organization of power system analysis problem

 Source (Reference #1)

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 Effects of faults on power system

 Flow of excessive current

 Abnormal voltages
 Voltage elevation of system neutral
 Induce over voltages on
neighbouring equipments .
 Hazards to human, equipment and
animals.

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 Need for fault analysis

 Design of protection system requires

the knowledge of fault current.
 The information obtained from the
fault studies are used:
 to select the sizes of circuit breaker,
 fuse and characteristic,
 setting of relay.

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 Normal types of fault are:

 Fault due to lightning

 Tree limbs falling on the line
 Wind damage
 Insulation deterioration
 Vandalism

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 Types of fault

 Symmetrical fault :
 Usually three phase to ground fault

 Unsymmetrical fault
 The fault is unbalanced in nature

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Sources of Asymmetrical fault are:
(Reference#2)

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 Sources of Asymmetrical fault are (cont.)

 One phase open circuit

 Unbalanced in load mainly the arc

loads

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 Sources of Asymmetrical fault are (cont.)
 One phase open circuit

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 Sources of Asymmetrical fault are (cont.)
 SLG fault

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 Need for the symmetrical component
analysis
 Negative sequence relay in generator has
helped in protecting the generator from
over heating in the event of unbalanced
loads.

 The positive sequence segregating

network is used to supply the sensing
voltage to generator voltage regulators
 Certain connections of CT and PT develop
zero sequence components that are used
in protective ground relaying scheme.

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 Method of adopted for symmetrical
component analysis (cont)
Mathematically:
 V = V
a a1+ Va2+ Va3+---------- Van

 Vb= Vb1+ Vb2+ Vb3+---------- Vbn

 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
 Vn= Vn1+ Vn2+ Vn3+---------- Vnn
 Where:
 Va, Vb……. Vn are unbalanced set of phosors

 Va1, Vb1…… Vn1 first set of n balanced phasors with an angle 2pi/n
 between components a,b,…..n

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 Method of adopted for symmetrical
component analysis (cont)
Mathematically:
 V V
a2, b2…… Vn2 second set of n balanced phasors with an angle 4pi/n
between components a, b………,…..n

 ……………………………………………………….

 Va(n-1), Vb(n-1)…… Vn(n-1)are (n-1)th set of n balanced phasors with an

angle 2pi(n-1)/n between components a, b………,…..n

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 Phasor a or a-operator

 The phasor notation of a-operator

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Phasor a or a-operator

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Phasor a or a-operator

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Equation in matrix form

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Symmetrical components for three Phase system

 The n-phase system presented above is of

academic interest only and only the
practical three phase system will be
emphasised.

 Power is generated, transmitted and

consumed mostly in three phase only.

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Symmetrical components for three Phase system
(cont)

 The phasor representation of three

phase system (source reference#2)

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 Symmetrical components for three Phase system
(cont)
 The positive sequence set consisting of three components
of equal magnitude, displaced by 120 & 240o respectively
and having the phase sequence of abca.

 The negative sequence set consisting of three components

of equal magnitude displaced by 240 & 120o respectively,
having phase sequence of acba.

 The zero sequence set of the component of which being

equal both in magnitude and and phase.


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Symmetrical components for three Phase system
(cont)

Relations of voltage components in

matrix form

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 Symmetrical components of generator

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 Symmetrical components of generator

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 Symmetrical components of transformer (zero)

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 Fault analysis using symmetrical components

The most common type of fault is the

single line to ground fault:

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 Fault analysis using symmetrical components
(cont)

The sequence component connection

for the single line to ground fault:

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 Fault analysis using symmetrical components
(cont)
 The sequence component connection for
the single line to ground fault:

 The sequence components are connected

in series.

 The three currents in the case of SLG fault

are equal.

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 Fault analysis using symmetrical components
(cont)
 LL fault:

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 Fault analysis using symmetrical components
(cont)
 LL fault:
 There is no zero sequence
component due to absence of ground
return path.

 The positive and negative sequence

components are connected in
parallel.

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 Fault analysis using symmetrical components
(cont)
 LLG fault:

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 Fault analysis using symmetrical components
(cont)
 LLG fault:
 For the zero sequence component it
requires to add an external
impedance of Zf+3Zg

 The networks are connected in

parallel.

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 Software available for carrying fault analysis

 The most commonly used soft ware are:

 MATLAB

 EDSA

 ETAP

 CYME
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 Conclusion

 Power system analysis using symmetrical

component is very helpful in improving the
reliability of the power system.

 The principle adopted for the analysis of

unbalanced fault system is symmetrical
component method.

 By knowing the principle, the results

obtained from the computer can be
analysed.
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 References:

1. Paul M. Anderson, Analysis of Faulted Power

Systems.

2. W.D. Stevenson, Elements of Power System

Analysis.

3. A.P.S Meliopoulos, Power System Grounding and

Transients.

4. Olle. I. Elgerd, Electric Energy Systems Theory.

5. IEEE Transactions

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