MODUL

Electrical System

BY
H. Asgaf Alwi
 PERTEMUAN PERTAMA
SISTEM KELISTRIKAN PESAWAT
TERBANG
Namun secara umum sistem kelistrikan
di pesawat sama dengan sistem
kelistrikan pada umumnya.  
Terdiri atas 3 hal yaitu :
1.Sumber listrik (electrical power
source),
2.Sistem distribusi dan
3.Beban (load).
1.Sumber listrik pesawat
Dari jenisnya, sumber listrik dapat
dibedakan menjadi 2, yaitu sumber
listrik AC dan sumber listrik DC.
2. Sistem distribusi listrik pesawat
Untuk distribusi listrik, pesawat
memakai sistem bus yang
menghubungkan antara sumber listrik
dengan beban.
3. Beban (Load)
Beban di pesawat terhubung dengan
sistem distribusi listrik pesawat melalui
bus
 BATTERIES
Major Component of a Battery Cell
 Type of Batteries
Lead acid Battery
Nickel-cadmium battery
LEAD ACID BATTERY
LEAD-ACID BATTERIES CONSTRUCTION,
LEAD-ACID BATTERIES CONSTRUCTION
1.A lead-acid cell
contains positive plates
coated with lead
peroxide (Pb02);
2.Negative plates made
of lead (Pb); and
3.A liquid electrolyte,
consisting of sulphuric
acid (H2SO4) and water
(H20).
LEAD ACID BATTERY CELL ELEMENT
 The key to battery operation is
the cell element.
 Positive plates and negative
plates are each connected
together by separate plate
straps.
 These groups of positive and
negative plates are then placed
alternately, separated by
micro-porous separators.
 Assembled together, the plates
and separators form a battery
cell element. Grouping the
plates in this way serves to
enlarge the surface area
between the active materials
and the electrolyte, thus
allowing a greater amount of
electricity to be supplied.
 In other words, the battery
capacity is increased because of
the increase in surface area.
More plate surface area means
the battery can deliver more
current.
Operation of Lead-acid Cells
DischargingOperation
Charging Operation
=Discharging Operation=
DURING DISCHARGE,
 Lead sulfate (PbSO4) is formed on both
the positive and negative plates,
 The acid content of the electrolyte is
decreased, and its water content is
increased.
 As discharge continues, the amount of
lead sulfate on the plates increases until
the sulfate coatings become so thick that
the weakened electrolyte cannot
effectively reach the active materials (lead
and lead peroxide).
 When this happens, chemical reaction is
retarded and the output of the cell is
reduced.
Charge Operation Of Battery
DURING CHARGE,
1. Lead sulfate is
removed from both the
positive and negative
plates, and
2. Sulphuric acid again
formed. In the process,
the water content of
electrolyte is decreased
and the density of the
electrolyte is increased
 BATTERY CYCLING
The battery stores electricity in
the form of chemical energy.
Through a chemical reaction
process the battery creates and
releases electricity as needed by
the electrical system or devices.
Since the battery loses its
chemical energy in this process,
the battery must be recharged by
the alternator.
Reversing electrical current flow
through the battery the chemical
process is reversed, thus charging
the battery.
The cycle of discharging and
charging is repeated continuously
and is called "battery cycling".
 CELL VOLTAGE
 Each cell element
of the battery
produces
approximately
2.1 volts,
regardless of the
quantity or size
of the plates.
Automobile
batteries have
six cells that are
connected in
series, which
produces a total
voltage of 12.6
volts.
 LEAD ACID BATTERY PLATES
 Battery plates are constructed
of a lead alloy containing a
percentage of either Antimony
or Calcium.
 The plates are designed as a
thin flat grid, grids crossing at
right angles (shown below) or
grids crossing diagonally at
different angles which reduces
internal resistance.
 The grid provides the necessary
framework for active material
to be pasted onto the plate,
making either a positive or a
negative plate.
 The active material on a
charged positive plate is a
reddish-brown Lead Dioxide
(PBO2), while the active
material on a charged negative
plate is a grayish Sponge Lead
(PB).
 THE HYDROMETER
 The hydrometer commonly used consists of a small sealed
glass tube weighted at its lower end so it will float up-right.
 Within the narrow stem of the tube is a paper scale with a
range of 1.100 to 1.300.
 When a hydrometer is used, a quantity of electrolyte
sufficient to float the hydrometer is drawn up into the
syringe.
 The depth to which the hydro-meter sinks into the
electrolyte is determined by the density of the electrolyte,
and the scale value indicated at the level of the electrolyte is
its specific gravity.
 The more dense the electrolyte, the higher the hydrometer
will float; therefore, the highest number on the scale (1.300)
is at the lower end of the hydrometer scale.
 THE HYDROMETER

t
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF ELECTROLYTE
1.Specific gravity means exact
weight. A "Hydrometer" or a
"Refractometer" compares the
exact weight of electrolyte with
that of water.
2.Electrolyte in a charged
battery is stronger and heavier
than electrolyte in a discharged
battery. By weight, the
electrolyte in a fully charged
battery is about 25% acid and
75% water (for Nickel Cadmium
Batt.).
3.The specific gravity of water is
1.000, and the specific gravity
of sulfuric acid is 1.835, which
means the acid is 1.835 times
heavier than the water.
4.The battery electrolyte
mixture of water and acid has a
specific gravity of 1.270 and is
usually stated as "twelve and
seventy."
Lead acid and nickel-cadmium batteries are
the types of storage batteries in general use.

BATTERY RATINGS & CAPACITY

A. In general terms, the capacity of a cell/battery is the amount of
charge available expressed in ampere-hours (Ah). An ampere is the
unit of measurement used for electrical current and is defined as a
coulomb of charge passing through an electrical conductor in one
second.
B. The ampere-hour capacity of a battery depends upon its
1. Total effective plate area.
2. Connecting batteries in parallel increases ampere-hour
capacity.
3. Connecting batteries in series increases the total voltage but
not the ampere-hour capacity.
Note : In multiengine airplanes, where more than one battery is
used, the batteries are usually connected in parallel. The voltage is
equal to that of one battery, but the ampere-hour capacity is
increased. The total capacity is the sum of the ampere-hour ratings
for the individual batteries.