VISCOSITY

The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to

shear or angular deformation.

liquids
as the temperature increases viscosity decreases.

gas
viscosity increases with an increase in temperature.
  

When the two layers of a fluid move one over the other at
different velocities, the viscosity together with relative velocities
causes a shear stress acting between the fluid layers.
The top layer causes a shear stress on the adjacent lower
layer while the lower layer causes a shear stress on the adjacent
top layer.
This shear stress is proportional to the rate of change of
velocity with respect to y.
Shearing Stress

= Newton’s equation of viscosity

=
= shear stress, N/m2 ( Pa)
= viscosity of the fluid

( absolute viscosity, coefficient of viscosity, dynamic

viscosity or viscosity )

 
 = = =
unit:
(S.I. unit)
(English unit)
poise ( dyne-s/cm2)
1 N = 105 dyne

= rate of shear strain, rate of shear deformation

= velocity gradient

 
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY:

It is defined as the ratio between dynamic viscosity and

density of fluid.

unit:
m2/s, cm2/sec (S.I. unit)
ft2/s ( English unit)
stoke ( 1 stoke = 1 cm2/sec)

 
IDEAL FLUID
may be defined as one in which there is no friction, its
viscosity is zero (0).The internal forces at any internal section are
always normal to the section even during motion. Such fluid does
not exist in reality.

NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
all liquids and gases that do not behave according Newton’s
law of viscosity.
(Pastes, slurries, blood, high polymers)

NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
(water, air, gasoline, some oils)
 IDEAL FLUID
NEWTONIAN

du/dy NON-NEWTONIAN

IDEAL PLASTIC

ELASTIC SOLID

Characteristics of a Newtonian fluid as to compared to Non-

Newtonian fluid
Example:
1.) The density of an oil is 850 kg/m3. Find its relative density
and kinematic viscosity if the dynamic viscosity is
5x10-3 kg/m-s

solution:
850 kg/m3

a.) s.g. = = 0.85

b.) = = 5.8x10-6 m2/s

 
2.) A fluid with absolute viscosity of 0.98 N-s/m2 and kinematic
viscosity of 3 m2/s. Determine the density of fluid?

Solution:

μ = 0.98 N-s/m2 ( Absolute viscosity )

= 3 m2/s ( kinematic viscosity)

ν = μ/ρ

ρ = 3 m2/s /(0.98 N-s/m2)

ρ = 3.0612 kg/m3

 
3.) The velocity distribution of a viscous liquid (dynamic viscosity,
= 0.9 N-s / m2) flowing over a fixed plate is given by
= 0.68y – y2 ( is velocity in m/s and y is the distance from the
plate in m).
What are the shear stresses at the plate surface and at y = 0.34 m

= 0.68y – y2 , = 0.68 - 2y

@ the face plate y = 0 m

= 0.68 – 2 (0) = 0.68

Shear stress at the face plate

= ( ) = 0.9 N-s / m2 ( 0.68 ) = 0.612 N/m2

 
@ y = 0.34 m

= 0.68 – 2 (0.34) = 0

Shear stress

= ( ) = 0.9 (0) = 0

 
Assignment:

1.) The absolute viscosity of water, air, and glycerine at 200C

are 1 cP, 0.018 cP and 1.5 cP respectively and their

corresponding densities are 1000 kg/m3, 1.22 kg/m3, and

1260 kg/m3. Compute their viscosities in SI units and

also determine the kinematic viscosity of these fluids.
4.) A hydraulic lift for automobile consists of a 0.254 m
diameter ream sliding in a 0.2542 m cylinder. The
annular space between the ram and the cylinder is filled
with oil having a kinematic viscosity of 8x10-4 m2/s and
a specific gravity of 0.85. The rate of travel of the ram
is 0.15 m/s. Find the frictional resistance when 3 m of
the ram is engaged in the cylinder.
 TOP VIEW
RAM
CYLINDER

0.254 m

0.2542 m

RAM

F
y = 0.0001 m

OUTER CYLINDER
SECTION
Solution:

@ s.g. = 0.85,
oil = s.g. ( water) = ( 0.85)( 1000 kg/m ) = 850 kg/m
3 3

Kinematic viscosity, =
= (oil = ( 850 kg/m3 ) ( 8x10-4 m2/s) = 0.68

= = ( 0.68 ) = 1020

F = A = ( 1020 ) (DL) = (1020 )()(0.254m)(3m)

F = 2441.77 N

 
Seatwork

1.) In a fluid the velocity measured at a distance of 75 mm from the

boundary is 1.125 m/s. The fluid has absolute viscosity 0.048 Pa-s
and relative density 0.913. What is the velocity gradient and shear
stress at the boundary assuming a linear velocity distribution.
answer: ( = 15 m/m-s, = 0.720 Pa )

 
Capillary Action

Capillary action is caused by surface tension between liquid and

solid interfaces. It is independent upon the relative value of adhesion
between liquid and solid and the cohesion of liquid molecules.

Cohesive force :
Force is required to bound the same molecules together or Force of
attraction between same molecules of substance.

Adhesive force :
Force is required to bound the different molecules together or Force
of attraction between molecules of different substance.
For liquids that wet the surface of solids ( ex. Water, alcohol, )

* the surface tension causes the liquid to rise within the walls of
the tube. This is because adhesion is greater than adhesion

SOLID WALLS
σ σ
θ

WATER
Adhesion
Predominant
For liquids that do not wet the solid surface, tension tends to depress
the meniscus of the liquid because of strong cohesive forces

SOLID WALLS

… ……
……
……
…… … …… h
…… …
… ……
…
θ… … …….
… …………… … ………… .
. .… ..
…………
… ………… …
σ .…………… … ………… … σ
.……………
… ………… …
…………… ….… …
…. ……
. ………….
. …... .. ….
MERCURY
Cohesion
Predominant
For a cylindrical tube of radius r, the meniscus may be assumed to be
spherical

forces acting are the force due to tension and the force due to
gravity

F =Ah
r cos = r2 h

h=
where:
h = capillary rise, mm
= surface tension, N/m
= angle of contact, degree
= specific weight, N/m3
 
 * for tubes having a radius greater than 6.35 mm, the effects of
capillary may be neglected.

Surface Tension of Some liquids in contact with air at 200C

Liquids Surface Tension (N/m )

Water 0.0728
Mercury 0.5148
Ethyl Alcohol 0.0224
Benzene 0.0290
CCl4 0.0268
Surface Tension of Water at Different Temperature
Temperature, 0C Surface Tension, (N/m)
0 0.0756
10 0.0742
20 0.0728
30 0.0712
40 0.0696
60 0.0662
80 0.0626
100 0.0589
Example 1.
Compute the capillary depression of mercury to be expected in a
3mm diameter tube assuming that the angle of contact is 1400.

Solution:
h=
*from table, = 0.5148 N/m (mercury)

h = = 2 mm

* (-) indicates a depression

 
Vapor Pressure of Liquids

A liquid placed in a closed container will tend to vaporize if

the pressure above its free surface is less than its vapor pressure.

This is accomplished by molecules projecting out of the frees

surface.
The partial pressure exerted by the molecules increases until
the rate at which vapor leaves the free surface is equal to the rate
at which the molecules re-enter.

The partial pressure exerted by the vapor molecules at this

condition is known as the vapor pressure.
Vapor pressures of some liquids at 20 0C

Liquid Pa psia
Mercury 0.17 0.000025
Water 2340 0.339
Gasoline 55000 3.0
Kerosene 3200 0.46
CCl4 12100 1.76

* notice the wide variations of the vapor pressure . Liquids with very low vapor
pressure such as mercury are very suitable for barometers because they eliminate
the need for corrections in reading due to vapor pressure.
FLUID STATICS

In a fluid at rest, no tangential stresses can exist, and the only

forces between adjacent surfaces are pressure forces which are normal
to them.
 A fluid cannot withstand a shear stress because any shear
stress applied to it ( no matter how small) will result in the
motion of that fluid.

The fluid moves and deforms continuously as long as the

shear stress is being applied.

For such fluid, the magnitude of bulk stress is equal to dynamic pressure

-=p (negative normal stress are possible in a fluid )