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Models For Representation of Fuels
Models For Representation of Fuels
P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
• Low rank coals, such as lignite and sub-bituminous coals, are typically softer,
friable materials with a dull, earthy appearance; they are characterised by
high moisture levels and a low carbon content, and hence a low energy
content.
• Higher rank coals are typically harder and stronger and often have a black
vitreous lustre.
Composition of Coals
• The natural constituents of coal can be divided into two
groups:
• (i) the organic fraction, which can be further subdivided
into microscopically identifiable macerals; and
• (ii) the inorganic fraction, which is commonly identified as
ash subsequent to combustion, but which may be isolated
in the form of mineral matter by low-temperature ashing
(LTA).
• The organic fraction can be further subdivided on the basis
of its rank or maturity.
Characteristics of Coal
• Specific Gravity
• Calorific Value
• Viscosity
• Flash Point
• Fire Point
• Pour Point
• Volatility
• Ash content
• Carbon Residue
• Octane Number / Cetane Number / Performance Number
Specific Gravity
• Specific Gravity = (Weight of fuel/unit volume)/(weight of water/unit
volume at 15oC)
• A high API G : Paraffin fuel with good ignition quality; low c/H ratio.
• A high API G : aromatic asphaltic fuel with poor combustion
characteristics
• APT G < 10 : Difficult or impossible to separate-out water and solid.
• Good quality paraffin straight run fuels : 35 -- 40 (API G)
• Aromatic fules : 27 -- 30
• Calorific Value:
• HCV (MJ/kg) = {51.916 - 8.792 * (SG)2} * {1 - (M+A+S)} + 9.42 * S
• LCV = {46.392 - 8.792 * (SG)2 + 3.187 *(SG)} * {1 - (M+A+S)} +
9.42 *S - 2.449 * M
• Flash Point: The temperature at which the oil must be heated under
prescribed conditions for sufficient vapour to be given off to form an
flammable mixture with air.
• Determines the type of blend
• indicates safe sotrage temperatures.
• Gasoline : 40oC; Kerosene: 40oC; Diesel Oile: 90 -- 95 oC
• Manufactured Gases
• LPG -- light distillates of petroleum. -- Heavier than air!!!
• Stored and transported under pressure (0.4 -- 2 Mpa).
• SNG : Produced from coal by Hydrogenation -- cheap and clean..
• Pressurized Hydrogen at 9000C is combined with coal to produce a
number of light HCs.
• Where, M, A, FC and VM denote moister, ash , fixed carbon and Volatile mater (all
in percent), respectively.
Fuel Model
Ash Model