KAIBIGAN, KABARKADA, KAESKWELA:

PINOY FRIENDSHIPS AND SCHOOL LIFE

Prof. Gerald M. Llanes, RPm, LPT
THE FACTORS THAT ATTRACT US TO OUR FRIENDS
The Factors that Help Initiate Friendship

• 1. Proximity
The Factors that Help Initiate Friendship

• 1. Proximity
• The most enduring friendships are those formed between
people whose paths cross repeatedly.
• With rising popularity of social media, people may
physically distant but remain relationally close to each
other.
• Zajonc (1968) asserts that the more you are exposed to
something (someone), the more you tend to like it
(him/her).
The Factors that Help Initiate Friendship

• 2. Similarity
The Factors that Help Initiate Friendship

• 2. Similarity
• A famous saying goes , “Show me who your friends are and
I’ll show you who you are.”
• Research shown that we tend to like other people who are
similar to us
• Ortega (2009) found that perceived similarity and shared
personal history or events were indeed important factors
for Pinoy friendships.
• What about the saying “opposites attract?”
Theories of Friendship
Theories of Friendship

• 1. Exchange Theory
Theories of Friendship

• 1. Exchange Theory
• Imagine a friend who did nothing for you but instead always
borrowed money from you and never paid back
• Or borrowed clothes and never returned again.
• Surely , we would think of this as uneven friendship or
unfair because your friend benefits much from the
relationships.
Theories of Friendship

• 2. Social Exchange Theory

Theories of Friendship

• 2. Social Exchange Theory

• It posits that human relationships, including friendships, are
formed by a cost-benefit analysis where we want to
maximize benefits and minimize costs.
• When a person perceives the cost of a relationship as
outweighing the perceived benefits, the theory predicts
that this person will decide to end the friendship.
Theories of Friendship

• 3. Equity Theory
Theories of Friendship

• 3. Equity Theory
• The assumption is that people want to achieve fairness in
their relationships so they feel upset if they perceive
unfairness.
• It should be give and take.
• Ortega (2009) found that for Filipinos, give-and-take of
emotional support and companionship is important to
maintain friendships.
Theories of Friendship

• 4. Balance Theory
Theories of Friendship

• 4. Balance Theory
• It focuses on relationships among three or four people.
• It is concerned with how our relationships with several
others match, or balance, one another.
• Imagine you have a friend from school that you like very
much but your family and family friends do not like him or
her. You will of course feel upset.
• According to Heider (1958), people in general prefer
harmony and balance; therefore when there is
inconsistency somewhere, we feel bad about it.
Theories of Friendship

• 5. Social Penetration Theory

Theories of Friendship

• 5. Social Penetration Theory

• Friendships are believed to occur in stages.
• Friends go through gradual process of self-disclosure.
• As relationship develops, the friendship penetrates deeper
and deeper into private and personal matters.
• As you go thru the different stages, you expose your
vulnerabilities so that trust has to be developed along the
way.
THE PINOY BARKADA EXPERIENCE AND CONFORMITY
THE PINOY BARKADA EXPERIENCE AND CONFORMITY

• You may have formed a barkada in high school, then in

college, or in your church, or even in your neighborhood or
community.
• For Filipino adolescents, the barkada is an important source
of support.
• They are also a source of affirmation and inspiration.
• Another study on the Filipino youth noted that the barkada
provides information on sex and sexuality.
• The Filipino youth find it easier to confer with a barkada
about matters regarding sex rather than with their parents.
THE PINOY BARKADA EXPERIENCE AND CONFORMITY

• Moreover, the barkada provides social control in the case of

choosing a right partner for their barkada.
• Even street children have barkadas with whom they play
games like sipa and basketball.
• The peer group provides them the companionship, identity,
emotional, and social support.
• The children in conflict with the law acknowledged that
their barkada also influenced them into doing unlawful
things.
What is Conformity
What is Conformity

• Conformity is a change in behavior or belief as the result of

real or imagined group pressure.
• Compliance is conforming publicly because of social
pressure but privately disagreeing.
• Obedience is when we respond favorably to an explicit
request by another person of authority.
What is Conformity

• Is it good or bad to conform?

• In US, conformity often seen as “bad” and children are
socialized to be independent and self-reliant.
• In Philippine society, one who conforms is often labeled as
“marunong makisama”; and those who do not conform are
called rebels and “walang pakisama”
Why Conform?

• There are two main reasons why a person may conform: to

be right and to be liked.
• Informational Influence- people conform because they
believe others know better than them; if others are right
and you follow them, you will be right also.
• Normative Influence- We conform because we want to be
accepted by others. We want to be belong.
Factors that Predict Conformity
• Group Size
• As the size of the group increases, conformity also
increases.
• Number of groups matter too. Groups carry more weight
than individual members.
Factors that Predict Conformity
• Unanimity
• It make a difference if everyone in the group behaves in a
certain way as opposed to some members of the group not
conforming.
Factors that Predict Conformity
• Cohesion
• Belonging to a cohesive barkada makes it difficult not to
conform to them.
• If the group is not solid, it is easier to dissent.
Factors that Predict Conformity
• Expertise and Status
• It is expected that people would conform more to someone
who is perceived as having a high status in society or
someone who is an expert in the field.
• There is also a perception that if someone powerful does
something, it must be okay to follow the behavior .
Factors that Predict Conformity
• Difficulty or ambiguity of the task
• Imagine being assigned by your professor a task that you
have no knowledge of. Most probably you would ask your
classmate or other people for guidance.
• In situations where the task is ambiguous or difficult,
people often conform to what others are doing.
Factors that Predict Conformity
• Public Response
• If everyone can freely observe others’ behavior, it is easier
to conform.
• If you ask to do secret balloting, then you would feel that
it’s okay to express your own true feelings.
Factors that Predict Conformity
• No Prior Commitment
• Filipinos generally don’t like balimbiings..
• Once you have already made a public commitment, you
must conform because people in general prefer it when we
stick to our principles.
• If you have no prior commitment and are open to ideas,
you can easily conform to the “banwagon.”
Factors that Predict Conformity
• Culture
• In a study of 17 nations , it was shown that conformity does
tend to be higher among interdependent or collectivist
cultures.
RISKY BEHAVIOR AND AGGRESSION IN SCHOOL
RISKY BEHAVIOR AND AGGRESSION IN SCHOOL
• Barkada also viewed as a potential source of trouble and
negative influences, such as being matakaw (glutoon),
maingay (noisy), magulo (boisterous).
• Male respondents reported that they cut classes, got
involved in fights, learned smoking, drinking, and watching
pornography because of their barkada.
• Delinquent activities carried out with peers include serious
theft, drug and alcohol use, riots, and sexual activities.
What is Aggression?
What is Aggression?
• It is a behavior intended to cause harm.
• Social Psychologist have often debated on what behaviors
are considered as aggressive.
What is Aggression?
• Consider the following behaviors. Aggressive or not?
• A police shoots a kidnapper
• A man imagines a murder he wants to commit
• An angry daughter purposely does not call/text/chat her
mother who is expecting a call/text from her.
• A fisherman kills a fish and prepares it for dinner
• A professional boxer gives his opponent a blackeye
• A person commits suicide
• A doctor gives injection to a screaming 3-year old
• A woman accidentally knocks over a glass that injures a
passerby
What is Aggression?
• Social Psychologists have classified aggression in different
ways
• Hostile and Instrumental Aggression
• Hostile Aggression- usually comes from anger with the goal
of injuring another. It is also called angry aggression.
• Instrumental Aggression- It also has the goal of harming
another but only as a means to some other end. The
ultimate goal is not really to injure but some other goal.
What is Aggression?
• Direct or Overt Aggression and Relational or Covert
Aggression
• Direct or Overt Aggression- Aggression that is intended to
harm others physically through pushing, kicking, punching,
or mentally through physical threats.
• Relational or Covert Aggression- is a behavior that seeks to
harm a person by damaging their reputation or
manipulating their relationships.
What is Aggression?
• Self-instigated Aggression and Retaliatory Aggression
• Self-instigated Aggression- without provocation as in the
case of bullying
• Retaliatory Aggression- an attack in reaction to some
provocation. It is essentially aggression to get revenge on
another person.
• A cross cultural study found that retaliatory aggression was
rather constant across the country with girls retaliating less
frequently compared to boys.
Cause or Explanation of Aggression
• Aggression is Biological
• Aggression is influenced by biological factors, such as
neural, genetic, and biochemical influences.
• Example, research has consistently shown that there is a
link between the sex hormone testosterone and aggression.
Cause or Explanation of Aggression
• Physical Environment and Aggression
• Behaviorists tend to regard aggression as a set of
environmentally triggered behaviors and to give less
importance to innate and biological determinants.
• Overcrowding was also found to lead to higher levels of
aggression
• The aggressive effect of noise have also been well
researched.
Cause or Explanation of Aggression
• Aggression is a Response to Frustration
• When we are blocked from achieving our goal, we led to
frustration. According to Miller, frustration may produce
aggression.
• Berkowitz (1993) contends that frustration alone is not
sufficient to produce aggression. Whether aggression will
occur depends on stimulus cues.
Cause or Explanation of Aggression
• Aggression is a Learned Social Behavior
• Behavior is learned through observation and imitation and
by being rewarded or punished (Bandura, 1975).
• Vicarious or observational learning could also occur where
children watch others being rewarded for aggressive
behavior.
Aggressive Behaviors in School
• A. Bullying
• Actions toward others that harm physically and emotionally.
• Some forms of bullying include teasing and name-calling,
that are the most common while other physical forms such
as hitting and kicking are less common.
• Filipino students who were bullied reported negative effects
on their schoolwork and self-esteem.
• The bullies reported that they bullied for retaliation when
they disliked someone or were annoyed by someone, to
have fun, join the banwagon, gain status, and obtain sense
of power.
Aggressive Behaviors in School
• B. Hazing
• Is a crime where the victim experiences physical or
psychological suffering.
• According to Go (2009), members of fraternities perceive
hazing as an important rite of passage because it facilitates
several psychological processes essential for initiating new
comers.
• Using social representation theory, Puyat (1999) studied
fraternities in the Philippines and hypothesized that the
violence is linked with their group membership.
Slide Title
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