Course code : EEE-4123

High Voltage Engineering

Lecture-11,12,13

Topics
High voltage Transient analysis:

Source: High Voltage Engineering by JR Lucas

Chapter 4

Presented by
Md. Shamim Sarker
Assistant professor
Dept. of EEE, KUET
 Surges on Transmission Lines

The voltage drop across PQ and the corresponding current through

it are given by the following equations.
 Eliminating dx we get

Diff. equn (1) w. r. to x and inserting equn (2) in that equation,

we get
 2e e  e
 2e i  i  r ( ge  c )  l ( ge  c )
 2  r l ( ) x 2
t t t
x x x t
 2e e e  2e
 rge  rc  lg  lc 2 )
 2e i  i x 2
t t t
 r  l ( )
x 2
x x t
 2e  2e e
 2e i  i  l.c 2  (r.c  l.g )  rge
 r  l ( ) x 2
t t
x 2
x t x
A very similar partial differential equation can be obtained for i. In practical power lines,
the resistance r is much less than the inductance l, and the conductance g is negligible.

 2e  2e 1  2e
 l.c 2  2 2
x 2
t a t
 e  e2 2
a 2
 2
x 2
t
A very similar partial differential equation can be obtained for i. In practical power lines,
the resistance r is much less than the inductance l, and the conductance g is negligible.

 2e  2e 1  2e
 l.c 2  2 2
x 2
t a t

 2
e  2
e
a 2
 2
x 2
t
Thus the general solution of this partial differential
equation is

where f and F are two arbitrary functions of (x-at) and

(x+at). These two functions can be shown to be
forward and reverse traveling, as follows.
 Surge Impedance of travelling wave
Consider the forward wave e = f(x-at). The corresponding
current wave i ,
i e
l     f ( x  at )
t x
1
i   f ( x  at )t
l
1 e
i f ( x  at ) 
al al
e 1 l
 Z 0  al  .l   Surge _ impedance
i l.c c
 Velocity of propagation of Travelling wave
For a transmission line, with conductors of radius r and conductor
spacing d, it can be shown that the inductance per unit length of the
line (neglecting internal flux) is given by

The capacitance c per unit length is given by

0 d 2 0 r
l.c  log e ( ) 
2 r log ( d )
e
r
 1
l.c   0 0 r   0 0  2
a
1
a  Velocity _ of _ light
 0 0

Therefore the velocity of propagation of the wave a is equal to

the velocity of light. [Note: If the resistance of the line was not
neglected, the velocity of propagation of the wave would be
found to be slightly less than that of light (about 5 to 10%)].

For a cable, the dielectric material has a relative permittivity r

different from unity. In this case, the above derivation would
give the velocity of propagation in a cable as
 Energy Stored in Surge
The energy stored in a traveling wave is the sum of the
energies stored in the voltage wave and in the current wave.

We know,

1 2 1 2
Squiring, ce  li
2 2
OR, ce  li
2 2

It is seen that half the energy of the surge is stored in the

electrostatic field and half in the electromagnetic field.
 Reflection of Traveling waves at a Junction

Z1 Z2

For Voltage and current

continuity at junction
 Z 2  Z1 2Z 2
ER  E   E ET  E  E
Z 2  Z1 Z 2  Z1
If the line is open at far end then Z2 is Zero and then

0  Z1
ER   E  E
0  Z1

If the line is open at far end then Z2 is infinity and then

Z1
1
Z2
ER  E  E
Z1
1
Z2
 Open circuited line fed from a
infinite source
When a voltage surge E arrives
at the junction J, which is on
open circuit, it is reflected
without a change in sign (i.e. E)
Also, a current surge (- I) of
opposite sign to the incident (I)
is reflected so that the
transmitted current is zero
If the line is fed from a constant
voltage source E, then as the
reflected voltage surge (E)
arrives at the generator end,
since the generator maintains
the
voltage at its end at voltage E, it
The voltage surge - E is
accompanied by a current surge
- I. The surge voltage - E as it
reaches the open junction J, is
reflected again without a change
in sign, and accompanied by a
current + I so as to make the
transmitted current again zero.
Once these voltage and current
waves reach the generator, the
instantaneous voltage & current
will be zero, and the line would
once again be uncharged. The
generator now sends a voltage
surge E accompanied by a
current surge I, and the who
process described repeats again
 Short Circuit Line fed from an infinite source
When a voltage surge E arrives
at the junction J, which is
on short circuit, it is reflected
with a change in sign (- E), so
as to cancel the incoming
surge. Also, a current surge I of
the same sign as the incident
(I) is reflected so that the
transmitted current is doubled
(2I).
If the line is fed from a constant
voltage source E, then as the
reflected voltage surge (- E)
arrives at the generator end,
it send a voltage surge of E back
to the line so as to keep its voltage
at E
 Bewley Lattice Diagram
This is a convenient diagram devised by Bewley, which shows at
a glance the position and direction of motion of every incident,
reflected, and transmitted wave on the system at every instant of
time.

When a voltage surge of magnitude unity reaches a junction between

two sections with surge impedances Z1 and Z2, then a part a is
transmitted and a part B is reflected back. In traversing the second
line, if the attenuation factor is k, then on reaching the termination at
the end of the second line its amplitude would be
reduced to k.a
 Analysis of an open-circuit line fed from ideal
source

Thus the voltage at the open end after the n-th reflection is given
by
This is a geometric series which has the summation given by
For line terminated through a resistance R
 1 () Reflections at 3 substation system
 1' ()
1 2 3
1 ()
 ()
1
'

 2 ()
 2' ()
 2 ()
 ()
'
2

 3 ( )
 3' ()
 3 ( )
 3' ()
For Station A:

For Station B:
 1  1.2;  2  0.2;  3  1.8;
 1'  0.8
k=0.9
 2'  1.8 k=0.8  3'  0.2
 1  0.2  2  0.8  3  0.8
 1'  0.2  2'  0.8  3'  0.8
Reflection and Transmission at a T-junction

and
Reflection and Transmission at a T-junction
 ( Z 2 // Z 3 )  Z 1
ER  E
( Z 2 // Z 3 )  Z 1
 Example 5.1: A cable has a conductor of radius 0.75 cm and a
sheath of inner radius 2.5 cm. Find (i) the inductance per meter
length (ii) capacitance per meter length (iii) surge impedance and
(iv) velocity of propagation, if the permittivity of insulation is 4.
Radius of conductor, r = 0.75 cm (iii) Surge impedance
Inner radius of sheath, R = 2.5 cm
Permittivity of insulation, ε r = 4
(i) inductance

(ii) Capacitance (iv) Velocity of Wave propagation

 Example 5.4: An overhead line with inductance and capacitance
per km length of 1.3 mH and 0.09 , respectively is connected in
series with an ungrounded cable having inductance and
capacitance of 0.2 mH/km and 0.3 /km, respectively. Calculate the
values of reflected and refracted (transmitted) waves of voltage and
current at the junction due to a voltage surge of 100 kV travelling
to the junction (i) along the line towards the cable and (ii) along the
cable towards the line.
(i) The voltage wave of magnitude 100 kV which is
initiated in an overhead line

(i) The voltage wave of magnitude 100 kV which is

initiated in an overhead line: Do Yourself
The ends of two long transmission lines, A and C are connected by a
cable B of length 1 km. The surge impedances of A, B and C are 400,
50 and 500 Ω, respectively. A rectangular voltage wave of 25 kV
magnitude and of infinite length is initiated in A and travels to C.
Determine the first and second voltages impressed on C.
Second impressed voltage =v4 + v6= 10.11 + 6.44=16.55 kV