1st CEC Global Kinetics of The Rate of Volatile Release From Biomass and Coal V 4

Global Kinetics of the Rate of Volatile Release from Biomass in Comparison to Coal.
M.A. Saeed, G.E. Andrews, H.N. Phylaktou & B.M. Gibbs, ERI, SCAPE, U. Leeds, Leeds, UK
Global Kinetics of the Rate of Volatile Release from

Biomass in Comparison to Coal
Muhammad Azam Saeed, Gordon E. Andrews, Herodotos N. Phylaktou and

Bernard M. Gibbs
Energy Research Institute (ERI)

School of Chemical and Process Engineering (SCAPE)
University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
profgeandrews@hotmail.com
Royal Society of Chemistry 1st Chemistry in Energy Conference (1st CEC

2015), Paper 41
July 20-22, 2015, Edinburgh, UK
Royal Society of Chemistry 1st Chemistry in Energy Conference
(1st CEC 2015), July 20-22, 2015, Edinburgh, UK RSC 1st CEC 2015 Paper 41
Contents
1. Introduction to Pulverised Biomass use in Renewable Electricity
2. Fire and Explosion Threats Associated in the Handling of Pulverised Dusts
3. Characterisation of Biomass in Comparison to Coal
4. Importance of Equivalence Ratio
5. Role of Volatiles Release in Flame Propagation
6. Parameters Affecting the Release of Volatiles
7. Stagg’s Quick Approximation Method for Determination of Volatiles Release

Kinetics
8. Series Reaction Model
9. Competitive Reaction Model
10. Conclusions and Future Suggestions

 Pulverised biomass combustion in existing pulverised coal power

stations is one of the most cost effective routes to GHG reductions in
electric power supply.
 In 2014 5.8% of the UK’s supplied electricity was generated from
pulverised biomass mainly used in existing coal fired power stations.
This was a 25.7% increase on 2013 and in 2014 was 19.69 mtoe. It was the
fastest growing renewable electricity source between 2013 and 2014.
 Biomass fuels have a low bulk density, much higher volatile content, low
calorific value and high moisture content and greater fire and explosion
risk compared with coal. Overall it is a more variable fuel in its
composition and this work addresses this variability, with particular
emphasis on the volatile content and the volatile release kinetics.

M.A. Saeed, G.E.Andrews, H.N. Phylaktou & B.M. Gibbs, ERI, SCAPE, U. Leeds, Leeds, UK
Contents
1. Introduction of Pulverised Biomass use in Renewable Electricity

Kinetics

Pulverised coal fire power stations can only use biomass if it is also pulverised.
Currently most biomass is purchased in pellet form that can be fed to the existing
coal mills, which only break up the pellets back to their original fibre size. The
milling of the biomass is thus done at the pellet manufacture plant. The pellets are
stored in silos which give a dust handling explosion hazard and autoignition fire
hazard.
At least one dust fire or explosion incident is reported every day in biomass
plants (Abbasi and Abbasi, 2007).
Some recent incidents related to biomass dust explosions are given below as
examples.
 Krabi biomass power plant [April 8, 2015]
Two workers injured due to massive fire. Damage was estimated at about Bt 100
million (Source: The Nation News, 2015).

 Fire and then explosion at Jaffrey, N.H., manufacturing plant, New England
Wood Pellet LLC [October, 2011 ]
It took 100 fire fighters and 15 hours to put down the fire. The company had to pay
fine of $100,000 (Source: Fitzgerald and Bowser, 2011).
 Explosion at the RWE's 750,000 ton wood pellet factory, Georgia, USA [June,
2011]
An overheated roller/bearing assembly in a pelletizer sparked the blast at the

factory (Source: Renewables-International-Magazine, 2011).
 Biomass power plant managed by Eco Sustainable Solution Ltd. at

Southampton dock [January 03, 2015 ]
No injury. 20 ft flame and thick cloud of billowing smoke due to woodchip pile
fire was seen (Source: Southern Daily Echo, 2015).

Contents
1. Introduction of Pulverised Biomass Combustion in Comparison to Coal


Kinetics

Biomass has a very variable

H/C and O/C and both are
higher than for coal.
Cornflower
This leads to a variable
Biomass stoichiometric A/F ratio
Lycopodium and burner control systems
must be able to cope with
this to enable a constant
excess oxygen to be
operated with.
Biomass
CWW – construction waste
Coal wood pellets
HW – Hard wood pellets

Contents


Kinetics

The concentration of the solid dusts is usually reported in terms of ‘g/m 3’.
In combustion flames behaviour is normally expressed as a function of the

burner operating equivalence ratio..
The ‘Equivalence ratio’ or Ø is the ratio of the stoichiometric A/F mass to the actual
air to fuel with <1 indicating a lean mixture and a pulverised coal flame would
normally operate at a Ø of 0.83 (20% excess air).
The variable chemical content of biomass due to H/C and O/C variability results
in a variable stoichiometric A/F ratio, as shown in the next slide.
There is also a related variability in the calorific value of the biomass.
If the burner is to operate at a constant Ø then the burner control has to be

capable of coping with a wide range of stoichiometric A/F using oxygen
feedback control on the burner air flow.

The range of stoichiometric

A/F is greater than for coal
and has poor correlation
with calorific value.
To avoid biomass variability

issues some power
generators only by a fixed
type of biomass such as pine
wood. Even then the variability
in pine means you would need
to use the same forest and
species.
If biomass is sourced from
the worldwide market as well
as from UK farmers then
fuel composition variability
has to be coped with in the
burner control.
Contents


Kinetics

Typical TGA analysis of a

biomass – rice husks.
The sample is heated in
nitrogen with the temperature
Increased with time, with a
hold to determine the water
content at 110oC and heating
to 900oC to determine the total
volatile loss.
Air is then added
and the weight
loss is the fixed
carbon.
The final weight remaining
compared with the initial weight
is the biomass ash content.
Heating rate=25oC/min

Biomass C H N O H2O VM VM FC Ash CV Stoich Stoich

% % % % % % % % % MJ/k A/F Actual
daf daf daf daf daf g daf. Conc.
g/g g/m3
Rice Husk 49.8 6.4 1.1 42.7 7.7 62.3 83.7 12.2 17.9 15.2 6.15 262
Bagasse 55.6 7.3 1.3 35.7 7.2 67.1 92.3 5.6 20.1 15.6 7.46 221
Wheat Straw 50.6 6.4 1.4 41.5 6.8 60.7 86.2 9.7 22.8 14.5 6.35 268
Corn Cobs 45.9 6.0 1.2 46.8 7.1 69.4 82.5 14.8 8.8 14.8 5.4 264
Peanut Shell 53.7 6.6 1.5 38.2 7.0 66.4 78.1 18.6 8 18.2 6.9 205
Black pellet 52.8 5.8 0.4 41.0 4.4 73.0 78.6 19.9 2.7 19.5 6.28 206
Yellow pine 51.0 6.1 0 42.9 5.4 77.5 83.4 15.3 1.7 19.9 6.12 211
Pine 52.7 6.1 0.5 40.7 6.7 75.3 84.6 13.7 4.3 19.2 6.42 210
HW Sawdust
50.8 5.9 0.4 42.9 6.0 78.4 85.6 13.2 2.4 19.4 6.04 217
CWW1
56.5 6.0 0.6 36.8 4.9 73.8 89.9 8.3 13 18.3 6.98 209
CWW2
50.8 4.7 0.4 43.9 6.7 85.5 94.1 5.4 2.4 19.1 5.58 237
Kellingley Coal
82.1 5.2 3.0 6.96 1.7 29.2 36.9 50.0 19.1 25.0 11.6 131
Colombian Coal
81.7 5.3 2.6 9.6 3.2 33.7 41.3 47.8 15.3 26.4 11.2 131
CWW – Construction Wood Waste HW Hardwood Furniture Sawdust
Correlation of VOF on a dry ash free basis.

The VOFdaf varies between 78.1 and 94.1 on these
samples. The highest value was for a construction
waste wood and the lowest value was for peanut
shells.
We have attempted to correlate the VOFdaf with
chemical parameters such as H/C, O/C, CV as well as
the VOF activation energies for the release of volatiles.
The best correlation was with the H/C and this is to be
expected as hydrocarbon volatiles increase with the
hydrogen content. The oxygen content generally
results in aldehyde and CO as the released gases.

100
90
Correlation of the volatile
80 matter (VM) on a daf with
H/C.
70
A good correlation is shown
60 Including the biomass and
coal samples.
% VM (daf.)
50 However, the variability for

a constant H/C is significant
40
and at H/C = 1.5 is about
30 Bagasse Rice husk Wheat straw 82 – 94% VM.
Peanut shell Corn cob
This indicates a secondary
Steam exploded wood
20 parameter is influencing
yellow pine wood Pine wood pellet HW sawdust
the VM.
10
Kellingly coal Colombian coal There is a reasonable
0 correlation between the
0 1 2 CV and VM.
H/C

30
The CV correlates with a

25 function of the H/C and O/C
and hence is a good
correlator for the VM.
20 However, it is not a
Significant improvement
on the H/C v. VM correlation.
CV (MJ/Kg)
15
10
Bagasse Rice husk Wheat straw
Peanut shell Corn cob Steam exploded wood
5 yellow pine wood Pine wood pellet HW sawdust
Kellingly coal Colombian coal
0
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% VM (daf.)

The volatile loss by TGA
is shown here as a
proportion of the total
volatile mass as a function
of temperature, derived
from the TGA analysis in the
previous slide.
The volatile loss for biomass
occurs in three stages.
First a slow mass loss over
200 – 300oC
Secondly a fast mass loss
Over 300 – 400oC
Coal releases Finally a slow mass loss
volatiles at over 400 – 900oC.
about 150oC Also it can be seen that
higher T each biomass has a different
than biomass. proportion of the three stages.
The main rate of fast mass
loss is also different for each
Biomass.
Note the variability

for different biomass Biomasses peak release of
volatiles occurs here between
300 and 400oC whereas for
coal this occurs at 500oC with
little volatile release before
400oC.
These higher release of
volatiles are considered to be
due to soft and porous
structure of most biomass in
comparison to coals.
Early release of volatiles
will influence the flame

development.
Contents


Kinetics

There are three parameters that affect the release of volatiles from biomass:
Temperature
Higher temperature results in higher volatile yield as shown in the TGA results.
But the TGA is a slow heating process and flames are fast heating rates.
Heating rate
Higher heating rates are known to evolves more volatiles from solid dusts.
For higher heating rate, H2/CO2 and CO/CO2 yield increase. Thus the volatile yield
on the TGA may be greater in flame heating and this would reduce the already
small char yield in biomass heating.
Particle size
Smaller particles result in lower mass per particle and this increases the rate of
heating for the same temperature. Also for a fixed mass of biomass the total
surface area increases and this enables a greater volatile yield.
In furnace applications of biomass the biomass particles normally have a much
greater particle size than coal, which increases the mass per particle and this
decreases the rate of volatile release. This effect is important in furnaces as
biomass flames are longer than coal flames due to a slower volatile release.
It is very difficult to sample biomass particles leaving a coal mill in an operating

power station, thus getting the particle size being fed to the burner is a problem.
The particle size analysis below are for pulverised coal samples provided from a
power station and biomass samples from our own work milling wood type pellets
back to their original pulverised size. Coal is clearly milled finer than biomass.
d(0.1) d(0.5) d(0.9)
Bagasse 24.3 125.6 356.0
Rice husk 13.6 191.6 563.8
Wheat Straw 18.8 126.1 441.5
Corn cob 45.0 147.8 453.8
Peanut shell 25.4 147.8 453.8
Steam exploded wood 13.3 51.9 151.8
Yellow pine wood 30.7 198.3 629.6
Pine wood pellet 33.0 180.4 569.2
Hartwood sawdust 28.0 184.2 576.3
Construction wood waste 1 37.1 194.6 608.8
Construction wood waste 2 34.5 223.1 636.1
Colombian Coal 6.8 28.1 85.2
Kellinglely Coal 5.0 25.5 65.3

Contents

7. Stagg’s Quick Approximation Method for Determination of Volatiles
Release Kinetics


Stagg’s quick approximation method was used for determining the kinetics of
the rate of volatile’s yield for slow heating rates in TGA experiments.
(J. E. J. Staggs, Fire Safety Journal, 1999, 32, 17-34.).
Model Assumption: 1st order reaction and Tc/∆Tc>>1
where Tc= Characteristic temperature (temperature for 50% of the mass fraction
i.e. c=0.5) and ∆Tc= Characteristic temperature range
Rate constant ‘k’= A.e(-TA/TS)
where TA is the activation temperature and A is pre-exponential factor
where ‘H’ is heating rate
Tc and ∆Tc are adjusted until the integral of the residual error approaches zero
using GRG non-linear solving method in ‘Solver’ option in the Microsoft Excel.

Contents


Kinetics

Series Reaction Model
The release of the volatiles was split into two stages:

1. Fast release of volatiles in the earlier stage
2. Slower later stage due to depletion of volatiles.
A third stage is shown on the TGA and that is an initial heating stage
that release volatiles slowly at the lowest heating temperatures, this is
not modelled at present.
Cellulose and hemicellulose components of biomass break down in the

low temperature range releasing the primary volatiles.
In the later stage the hard lignin content decomposes.
Thus the variability in biomass release of volatiles is related to the
variability in cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin content.
In TGA slow heating and low temperatures, there is a char residue.
It is possible at the higher heating rates in flames more biomass is
converted into volatiles.

Kinetic equations for Series Reaction Model are given as;

𝑑𝑚 ′
=− 𝑘 1 𝑚 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚 3=( 𝑚 −𝑚 2 )
𝑑𝑡
′
𝑑 𝑚 ′
=− 𝑘 2𝑚
𝑑𝑡
Series Reactions for Rate of Volatile’s Yield

Predicted % volatile’s yield in

comparison to measured TGA
results for two initial stages of
heating in the lower temperature
range as shown with blue curve
and later temperature range as
shown with green curve.
Note that the model does
predict the initial slow volatile
release which occurs due to
low reactivity at low
temperatures.
Predicted % Volatile’s Yield in comparison to Measured experimental TGA results

Predicted kinetics for the series reaction model for two different phases are presented
below in table.
Activation energy Activation energy Rate Constant ‘k’ (1/s) MEC
(MJ/mol) ‘E’ (MJ/kg)
Materials 1st 2nd phase 1st phase 2nd
phase phase Eq. ratio
1st phase 2nd phase
Bagasse 87.0 38.2 4.09 1.79 1.7E+5e10468.8/T 0.67e4593.4/T 0.27
Rice husk 83.1 38.9 3.45 1.62 1.2E+5e9999.1/T 0.66e4682.1/T 0.35
Wheat straw 93.3 36.8 3.94 1.55 1.2E+6e11218/T 0.7e4425.8/T 0.55
Corn cob 71.0 40.7 2.72 1.56 1.5E+4e8545.6/T 0.63e4902/T 0.22
Peanut shell 63.0 35.5 2.82 1.59 1.5E+3e7578.4/T 0.72e4269.7/T 0.18
Yellow pine wood 88.4 32.4 3.76 1.38 1.6E+5e10631.1/T 0.83e3716.2/T 0.35
Black pellet 68.2 35.3 3.00 1.55 3.7E+3e8208.4/T 0.73e4251.1/T 0.2
Pine 98.5 31.9 4.32 1.40 1.0E+6e11854.4/T 0.8e3841.3/T 0.46
Forest waste wood 85.7 34.2 3.63 1.45 1.0E+5e10310.3/T 0.75e4114.3/T 0.36
Colombian Coal 105.6 39.8 7.45 2.81 2.6E+5e12703.6/T 0.64e4790.9/T 0.39
Second Coal
Kellingley phase is111.0
similar for
38.1all
biomass
8.06 and for coal
2.77 so13352.3/T
5.6E+5e it is the first
0.67e phase0.80
4586.4/T that
gives the difference between biomass and coal.
Pressure
HARTMANN MEC EQUIPMENT Transducer
• MEC is Aluminium
determined
Foil by the
• The combustion chamber is a 1L vertical
polycarbonate cylinder (L=322mm, leanest
Thermocouples
D=61mm) into which a blast of air is mixture to generate100mb
introduced at the base. The air pressure
disperses the dust located in a Electrodes
dispersion cup at the base of the
Rise or for the flame to reach
cylinder and ignition is achieved by a 100mm
constant 4J ignitor.
Dispersion
• The top of the tube is covered with an
cup
aluminium foil sheet secured with a
locking ring that closes the tube.
• The modified tube has a pressure
transducer and three thermocouples
have been fitted at 50mm, 100mm and
150mm distance from the ignition
source.
Remote control for

ignition sequence
Huescar et al. U. Leeds, IX ISHPMIE, Krakow, 2012
Flame propagation
Action of the
air injection

Correlations of MEC with

activation energies for
volatile’s loss of biomass.
These results show that the

first phase activation energy
correlates well with the
measured MEC using the
Hartmann equipment.
A low activation energy for
volatile release means volatiles
are released faster.
This fast release of volatiles
appears to result in a leaner
MEC

Contents


Kinetics

Competitive Reaction Model
In this reaction model, it was proposed that the slow heating

rate TGA, results in the competitive reactions.
There was the release of tars with some primary volatiles

that turned to secondary volatiles with the build-up of some
char.
This model becomes more authentic for crop residues with

higher ash contents that retard the release of volatiles.
Even at higher heating rates, the release of volatiles slows
down under the influence of ash.
The net effect is the release of volatile matter with some
residual char contents mainly composed of ash.
Competitive reaction mechanism is demonstrated with the

corresponding kinetic equations;
𝒅𝒎 𝟏
=− 𝒌 𝟏𝒎 𝟏
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒎 𝟐
=− ( 𝒌 𝟐+𝒌 𝟑 ) 𝒎 𝟐
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒎 𝟑
=𝒌 𝟑 𝒎𝟐
Competitive Reaction Model 𝒅𝒕

1.2 0
0
1
Rate of volatiles yield (1/s)

0.8
Volatiles mass fraction
0.6
Measured
0 dm/dt
Predicted dmfit/dt
0.4 0
0
0.2
0
0
400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 0
Temperature (K) 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Temperature (K)
Good fit of the competitive reaction mechanism to the volatile loss as a

function of TGA temperature for pine wood pellets.

1
0.9
Pine wood pellets The model predicts that the
0.8 dominant route to volatile loss
is the direct m2 route solid
0.7 M2 biomass decomposing to form
Primary Measured
gas.
Volatiles mass fraction
0.6 gases Predicted

The liquid tar route is only
m1
significant in the early stages
0.5 m2
of heating.
m3
0.4
This the series reaction model
where all the volatile matter
0.3 is formed from decomposition of
solid biomass directly to gas
0.2
m1 liquid and this competitive reaction
tar mechanism comes to the same
0.1 m3 gas to char
conclusion that direct solid
biomass to gas decomposition
0
400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200dominates the heating process.
Temperature (K)
Activation energy ‘E’ Rate Constant ‘k’ (1/s)

(MJ/kg)
Materials m1 m2 m3 k1 k2 k3
Bagasse 1.88 4.18 3.08 1.0e4.0E+4/T 1.7E+5e8.9E+4/T 1.E+3e6.5E+4/T
Rice husk 1.71 3.50 1.41 1.0e4.1E+4/T 1.15E+5e8.4E+4/T 1.8e3.4E+4/T
Wheat straw 1.66 3.99 1.38 1.0e3.9E+4/T 1.14E+6e9.4E+4/T 1.9e3.2E+4/T
Corn cob 1.52 2.77 1.25 1.0e3.9E+4/T 1.37E+5e7.2E+4/T 1.8e3.2E+4/T
Peanut shell 1.80 2.72 1.57 1.0e4.0E+4/T 6.17E+2e6.0E+4/T 1.7e3.5E+4/T
Yellow pine 1.63 3.67 1.64 1.0e3.8E+4/T 7.88E+4e8.6E+4/T 1.8e3.8E+4/T
Black pellet 1.84 2.88 1.61 1.0e4.2E+4/T 1.47E+3e6.6E+4/T 1.8e3.7E+4/T
Pellet A (BLZ) 1.58 4.42 1.69 1..0e3.6E+4/T 1.23E+6e1.0E+5/T 1.8e3.8E+4/T
Pellet B (DFL) 1.66 3.57 1.63 1.0e3.9E+4/T 6.0E+4e8.4E+4/T 1.8e3.8E+4/T
Colombian Coal 4.4 23.46 5.66 80.8e6.2E+4/T 148.4e3.3E+5/T 1.0e8.0E+4/T
Kellingley Coal 2.24 13.22 6.06 0.16e3E+4/T 1.0E+10e1.8E+5/T 5.1E+3e8.3E+4/T

MEC correlates with

the direct solid to gas
activation energy, but
there is some scatter at
the highest activation
energy.
A low activation energy

means an easier release
of volatiles. This will
result in a shorter time
delay to release the
volatiles and this results
in less time for fuel and
air mixing. This could
result in a stratified
mixture in the Hartmann
MEC equipment and a
leaner MEC than a fully
mixed dust/air explosion.
Contents


Kinetics

1. Two kinetic models based on TGA analysis showed that biomass fuels
were more reactive than coal due to the lower energy required to release
the volatiles.
2. For the series reaction model, the activation energies of the biomass
samples were lower than the coal samples due to fast release of volatiles.
3. The competitive reaction model also predicted low activation energies for
biomass samples.
4. The low energy required to release volatile in biomass fuels was

considered to be due to the soft and porous structure of the agricultural
biomass.
5. MEC data shows that biomass that released volatiles more easily had
leaner MEC.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors acknowledge the financial support to M.A. Saeed provided

by University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan.
The authors are also grateful to the Energy Programme (Grant
EP/H048839/1) for partial financial support.
The Energy Programme is a Research Councils UK cross council initiative
led by EPSRC and contributed to by ESRC, NERC, BBSRC and STFC.

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Global Kinetics of the Rate of Volatile Release from Biomass in Comparison to Coal.

Global Kinetics of the Rate of Volatile Release from

Muhammad Azam Saeed, Gordon E. Andrews, Herodotos N. Phylaktou and

Energy Research Institute (ERI)

Royal Society of Chemistry 1st Chemistry in Energy Conference (1st CEC

1. Introduction to Pulverised Biomass use in Renewable Electricity

2. Fire and Explosion Threats Associated in the Handling of Pulverised Dusts

3. Characterisation of Biomass in Comparison to Coal

4. Importance of Equivalence Ratio

5. Role of Volatiles Release in Flame Propagation

6. Parameters Affecting the Release of Volatiles

7. Stagg’s Quick Approximation Method for Determination of Volatiles Release

8. Series Reaction Model

9. Competitive Reaction Model

10. Conclusions and Future Suggestions

Royal Society of Chemistry 1st Chemistry in Energy Conference

 Pulverised biomass combustion in existing pulverised coal power

Royal Society of Chemistry 1st Chemistry in Energy Conference

1. Introduction of Pulverised Biomass use in Renewable Electricity

2. Fire and Explosion Threats Associated in the Handling of Pulverised Dusts

3. Characterisation of Biomass in Comparison to Coal

4. Importance of Equivalence Ratio

5. Role of Volatiles Release in Flame Propagation

6. Parameters Affecting the Release of Volatiles

7. Stagg’s Quick Approximation Method for Determination of Volatiles Release

8. Series Reaction Model

9. Competitive Reaction Model

10. Conclusions and Future Suggestions

Royal Society of Chemistry 1st Chemistry in Energy Conference

Royal Society of Chemistry 1st Chemistry in Energy Conference

An overheated roller/bearing assembly in a pelletizer sparked the blast at the

 Biomass power plant managed by Eco Sustainable Solution Ltd. at

fire was seen (Source: Southern Daily Echo, 2015).

Royal Society of Chemistry 1st Chemistry in Energy Conference

1. Introduction of Pulverised Biomass Combustion in Comparison to Coal

5. Role of Volatiles Release in Flame Propagation

10. Conclusions and Future Suggestions

Royal Society of Chemistry 1st Chemistry in Energy Conference

Biomass has a very variable

Royal Society of Chemistry 1st Chemistry in Energy Conference

1. Introduction of Pulverised Biomass Combustion in Comparison to Coal

5. Role of Volatiles Release in Flame Propagation

10. Conclusions and Future Suggestions

Royal Society of Chemistry 1st Chemistry in Energy Conference

In combustion flames behaviour is normally expressed as a function of the

There is also a related variability in the calorific value of the biomass.

If the burner is to operate at a constant Ø then the burner control has to be

Royal Society of Chemistry 1st Chemistry in Energy Conference

The range of stoichiometric

To avoid biomass variability

1. Introduction of Pulverised Biomass Combustion in Comparison to Coal

5. Role of Volatiles Release in Flame Propagation

10. Conclusions and Future Suggestions

Royal Society of Chemistry 1st Chemistry in Energy Conference

Typical TGA analysis of a

Royal Society of Chemistry 1st Chemistry in Energy Conference

Biomass C H N O H2O VM VM FC Ash CV Stoich Stoich

Correlation of VOF on a dry ash free basis.

Royal Society of Chemistry 1st Chemistry in Energy Conference

50 However, the variability for

Royal Society of Chemistry 1st Chemistry in Energy Conference

The CV correlates with a

Royal Society of Chemistry 1st Chemistry in Energy Conference