THE BRAIN

CEREBRUM
• The LEFT HEMISPHERE
• is the center for logical reasoning and analytic functions such as reading,
writing ad mathematical tasks.
•  
• The RIGHT HEMISPHERE
• is the center for creative thinking, intuition, and artidtic abilities.

HEMISPHERES

 Frontal
 Parietal
 Temporal
 Occipital
 FRONTAL
• Helps regulate arousal
• Focus attention
• Allow problem solving and decision making to occur

CONTAROLS:

1. Organization of thought
2. Body movements
3. Memories
4. Emotions
5. Moral Behavior
 Abnormalities:
• Schizophrenia
• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
• Dementia
 Parietal
• Interpreting sensations of taste and touch
• Assisting in spatial orientation
 Temporal

• Hearing
• memory
• Expressions of emotions
 Occipital
• Coordinating language generation
• Visual interpretation
• Depth perception
  
BRAIN STEM
• MEDULLA OBLONGATA OF THE BRAIN STEM
- This contains the vital center for respiration and cardiovascular disorder 

• PONS OF THE BRAIN STEM 

• - This bridges the gap both structurally and functionally serving as primary
motor pathway.
•  
• MIDBRAIN OF THE BRAIN STEM
•  
• This includes most of the RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM (RAS) and
the EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM (EPS).
• The RAS influences motor activity, sleep, consciousness and awareness.
• The EPS relays information about movement and coordination from the
brain of spinal nerves
 Limbic system
• THALAMUS OF LIMBIC SYSTEM 
This regulates:
 Activity
 Sensation
 Emotion 

• HYPOTHALAMUS OF LIMBIC SYSTEM

This is involved with:
 
 Temperature regulation
 Appetite control
 Endocrine funtion
 Sexual drive
 Impulse behavior associated with feelings of anger, rage and excitement 
 
• HIPPOCAMPUS AND AMYGDALA OF LIMBIC SYSTEM 

 This structure involved in emotional arousal and memory.

 Hippocampus play an important role in long term memory
 Amygdala’s primary role in the processing and memory of emotional reactions
NEUROTRANSMISON

• The dendrites
• Through the cell body
• Down the axon
• Across the gaps between
cells (SYNAPSE)
• To the dendrites of the
next neuron
 TYPES OF NEUROTRANSMITTER
MECHANISM OF ACTION PHYSIOLOGIC EFFECTS

DOPAMINE Excitatory Controls complex movements,

motivation, cognition, regulates
emotional responses

NOREPINEPHRINE Excitatory Changes in attentiion, learning

(NORADRENALINE) and memory, sleep and
wakefulness, mood

EPINEPHRINE Excitatory Fight-or-flight response

(ADRENALINE)

ACETYLCHOLINE Excitatory or Inhibitory Sleep and wakefulness cycle,

signals muscle to become alert

NEUROPEPTIDES Neuromodulators Enhance, prolong inhibit,or limit

the effects of principal
neurotransmitters

GLUTAMATE Excitatory neurotoxicity results if levels

are too high

GAMA AMINOBUTYRIC ACID Inhibitory Modulators other

(GABA) neurotransmitters
 DOPAMINE 
• It is synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine
• It is implicated in Schizophrenia and other psychoses, as well as movement
disorders in Parkinson's disease
• Antipsychotic medications work by blocking dopamine receptors and
reducing dopamine activity
 
NOREPINEPHRINE 
• Excess norepinephrine has been implicated in a variety of anxiety disorders.
• Deficits in morepinephrine may affect memory loss, social withdrawal and
depression.
• Some antidepressants block the reuptake of norepinephrine, and others
inhibit MAO from metablizing it.
•  
SEROTONIN
• It is derived from a dietary amino acid named tryptopan
• It has been found to play a role in delusions, hallucinations, and withdrawn
behavior in schizophrenia.
• Some antidepressants block serotonin reuptake, thus leaving it available in
the synapse for longer time, which result in improved mood.
 HISTAMINE
• The role of histamine in mental ilness is under investigation
• Some psychotropic drugs block histamine, resulting in weight gain, sedation
and hypotention.
 
ACETYLCHOLINE
• It is senthesized from dietary choline found in red meat and vegetables.
• Persons with Alzheimer's Disease have a decreased number of
acetylcholine-secreting neurons
 
GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID (GABA)
• Drugs that increase GABA function, such as benzodiazepines are used to
treat anxiety and induced sleep
•  
GLUTAMATE
• This is an excitatory amino acid that high levels can have major neurotoxic
effects
• This have been implicated in the brain damage caused by stroke,
hypoglycemia, ustained hypoxia or ischemia, and ome degenarative
diseases like Alzheimer's Disease.